Managing project

GILL-alienation Group for Lean Construction (1993) proposed the concept of lean construction, because of the report- ‘Application of the New Production Philosophy to Construction' which was written by Laura(1992). Howell and Ballard (1997) set up LLC-The Lean Construction Institute and Introduced Lean Project Delivery System (LAPS) in order to reduce the waste at each part of project. This article will discuss on diversity contents in LAPS such as its principles, theory, ‘OFF analyses another approach, which is mentioned in the MAMBO, being used in construction as well. . Discussion . 1 the application of LAPS in construction industry LAPS consist of 4 major parts which are project definition, lean design lean supply and lean assembly. Moreover, different parts internal with each other in these 4 major parts (Ballard 2003). Project definition are required to contain all stakeholders aims and values, the concept of design as well as the criteria of design. Lean design not only needs to reflect the values, concepts 3 and criteria but also saves time to develop and explore alternatives.Lean supply is definite as an effective system which includes detailed engineering, fabrication and livery. Lean assembly consists of how to deliver the materials and how to install them. Deeply, there are 6 principles being used to guide the implementation of LAPS. These principles contain eliminating waste, build quality in, create knowledge, deliver fast, respect people and optimize the whole. They result in 5 lean approaches to management. Firstly, specify values from the perspective of the ultimate customer. Another approach is identifying the value streams meaning all steps should create value.Thirdly, creating flow is making the value-creating steps flow. Fourthly, the customer should be guided to actively pull the product from you. Finally, insistently implementation former approaches until a state of perfection is reached. According to these principles and appro aches, James (2008) analyses the whole process of construction and then make the procedure quantization in order to improve the productivity. However, the production process in construction differs from manufacturing industry in that it is more complex and unpredictable.Slake(2000) found transformation flow value generation (TFH) theory which can implement LAPS into construction industry. This theory seems construction as a special kind of manufacture. So the method we used to manage construction is called lean construction. It is a continuous process around value stream in order to satisfy all stakeholders demand and eliminate waste (Dickinson et. Al, 2004). According to the definition of lean construction 4 and TAP' theory, the application of lean construction theory can divide into maximize value, minimize waste, stream management and projects delivery.Woman et al (1996) believe that the most important thing of maximizing value is finding out what stakeholders are. During large e ngineering project construction, stakeholder is a complex and dynamic system (Bertelsmann, 2002). According to Ballard and Howell (2003), the production design and process design should be integrated in order to reduce variation in the construction process. Maximizing value means fulfilling the propose value in an acceptable cost instead of reaching the goal with the lowest price (Bertelsmann 2002).Waste can be conclude as defective product, supply more than demand, inventory, unnecessary working procedure, useless staff movement, unnecessary transportation of goods and waiting (Non, 1978). The eighth kind of waste was found that the design and service are not accord with costumer's waste. Macomb and Howell (2003) considered the information is not received which is a waste as well. Stream management has a significant influence on construction. There are 7 kinds of streams in the procedure namely, preparation work, site, staff, equipment, material, information and external conditions .In order to manage these 7 streams, people need to set up a buffer which can make the stream work effective and efficient. Project delivery is used in construction which is based on the LAPS. Ballard and Howell(1993) found the Last Planner System (PICTURE 1) which was design 5 on the rational of LAPS. In the Last Planner System, the last planner such as site administrator will be responsible for planning the resource requirement for next week. Then, manager will use Per Plan Completed (PC) to evaluate the weekly plan.Design criteria Master Schedules & Phase Schedules Work structuring Selecting, sequencing and Current situation & sizing work we think can prediction Information Preparation Order Selecting, Ranking, Workload production Weekly Schedule Resource Look-Ahead Plan be done Production Feedback Completed Work PICTURE 1 MAMBO There are several project managements are introduced in the MAMBO. Namely project integration management, project time management, project cost managemen t, project quality management, project human resource management, project communications management, project risk management, project procurement.Firstly, project integration management means the 6 method integrates consolidation, articulation, combinational characteristics as well as integrative actions which are important to complete the project, meet the customer, achieve stakeholder requirements and manage expectations. Secondly, reject time management can be defined as identifying and estimating diverse schedule activities in order to timely complete the project. Thirdly, project cost management contains planning process, estimating process, budgeting process and controlling costs which can result in an appropriate budget.Fourthly, project quality management can be divided into quality planning, perform quality assurance and perform quality control. Fifthly, project human resource management require planning the staff resource so that it can determine and improve the project te am, furthermore, using the feedback to manage the team. Sixthly, project ammunitions management is a method that sufficiently conveys the useful information to stakeholders. Seventeenth, project risk management means to predict and analysis the possible risk so that planning the response and the preventive method.Finally, project procurement management consists of planning procurement processes and communicating with sellers, buyers and administrations. 2. 3 Comparison Current management methods regard the project as a sequential, simple and predictable producing system. Furthermore, they decompose the project into activities, work package, mission and so on, every mission can be implemented independently as well. These methods all use a top-down 7 management. Planning and present under the best of circumstances. As a result, the plan does not reflect complexity, high uncertainty and dynamics of the construction.It leads to the initiative can not be well-planned and well-executed. I n contrast, LAPS seem the construction as a complex, dynamic and nonlinear producing system. The LAPS focus on the whole production system that it sets up a series of goals. LAPS underlines integrating product design and process planning, controlling them in the all product life cycle stages as well. The major preferences between LAPS and current project management focus on nine aspects. In the focus of attention aspect, LAPS more focus on the production system, but the method in MAMBO pay attention on transactions and contracts.For management object, lean project delivery looks at transformation, flow and value objects, however the current management in MAMBO focus on transformation goal. For decision making right, LAPS support to the foundation certificate in construction should take part in the decision making. In contrast, management methods in MOBS prefer to make decision follow by top-down management control system. In the design order aspect, product and process are designed together in LAPS. In MAMBO, process design will start until product design finish.For product design, designer should consider the whole product life cycle stages in LAPS. In MAMBO, designer can consider the partial product life cycle stages. For collaboration approach, all the firms in construction supply-chain should initiative cooperate with each other in LAPS. The enterprises relate with each 8 other through the market and only supply what the market demand in MAMBO. For planning, the schedule is planed from bottom to top in LAPS, but the schedule is landed from top to bottom in MAMBO. In learning aspect, learning is integrated into construction, company and supply-chain management in LAPS.

A Sorrowful Woman by Gayle Godwin

â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman† by Gayle Godwin Once upon a time there was a wife and mother one too many times One winter evening she looked at them: the husband durable, receptive, gentle; the child a tender golden three. The sight of them made her so sad and sick she did not want to see them ever again. She told the husband these thoughts. He was attuned to her; he understood such things. He said he understood. What would she like him to do? â€Å"If you could put the boy to bed and read him the story about the monkey who ate too many bananas, I would be grateful. † â€Å"Of course,† he said. Why, that's a pleasure. † And he sent her off to bed. The next night it happened again. Putting the warm dishes away in the cupboard, she turned and saw the child's grey eyes approving her movements. In the next room was the man, his chin sunk in the open collar of his favorite wool shirt. He was dozing after her good supper. The shirt was the grey of the child's trusting gaze. She began yelping without tears, retching in between. The man woke in alarm and carried her in his arms to bed. The boy followed them up the stairs, saying, â€Å"It's all right, Mommy,† but this made her scream. Mommy is sick,† the father said, â€Å"go and wait for me in your room. †    The husband undressed her, abandoning her only long enough to root beneath the eiderdown for her flannel gown. She stood naked except for her bra, which hung by one strap down the side of her body; she had not the impetus to shrug it of. She looked down at the right nipple, shriveled with chill, and thought, How absurd, a vertical bra. â€Å"If only there were instant sleep,† she said, hiccupping, and the husband bundled her into the gown and went out and came back with a sleeping draught guaranteed swift.She was to drink a little glass of cognac followed by a big glass of dark liquid and afterwards there was just time to say Thank you and could you get him a clea n pair of pajamas out of the laundry, it came back today. The next day was Sunday and the husband brought her breakfast in bed and let her sleep until it grew dark again. He took the child for a walk, and when they returned, red-cheeked and boisterous, the father made supper. She heard them laughing in the kitchen. He brought her up a tray of buttered toast, celery sticks and black bean soup. â€Å"I am the luckiest woman,† she said, crying real tears. Nonsense,† he said. â€Å"You need a rest from us,† and went to prepare the sleeping draught, and the child's pajamas, select the story for the night. She got up on Monday and moved about the house till noon. The boy, delighted to have her back, pretended he was a vicious tiger and followed her from room to room, growling and scratching. Whenever she came close, he would growl and scratch at her. One of his sharp little claws ripped her flesh, just above the wrist, and together they paused to watch a thin red line materialize on the inside of her pale arm and spill over in little beads. Go away,† she said. She got herself upstairs and locked the door. She called the husband's office and said. â€Å"I've locked myself away from him. I'm afraid. † The husband told her in his richest voice to lie down, take it easy and he was already on the phone to call one of the babysitters they often employed. Shortly after, she heard the girl let herself in, heard the girl coaxing the frightened child to come and play. And now the sleeping draught was a nightly thing, she did not have to ask. He went down to the kitchen to mix it, he set it nightly beside her bed.The little glass and the big one, amber and deep rich brown, the flannel gown and the eiderdown. After supper several nights later, she hit the child. She had known she was going to do it when the father would see. â€Å"I'm sorry† she said, collapsing on the floor. The weeping child had run to hide. â€Å"What has happened to me. I'm not myself anymore. † The man picked her tenderly from the floor and looked at her with much concern. â€Å"Would it help if we got, you know, a girl in? We could fix the room downstairs. I want you to feel freer,† he said, understanding these things. We have the money for a girl. I want you to think about it. †Ã‚   The man put out the word and found the perfect girl. She was young, dynamic and not pretty. â€Å"Don't bother with the room. I'll fix it up myself. † Laughing, she employed her thousand energies. She painted the room white, fed the child lunch, read edifying books, raced the boy to the mailbox, hung her own watercolors on the fresh-painted walls, made spinach souffle, cleaned a spot from the mother's coat, made them all laugh, danced in stocking feet to music in the white room after reading the child to sleep.She knitted dresses for herself and played chess with the husband. She washed and set the mother's soft ash-blonde hair and gave her neck rubs, offered to. The girl brought the child in twice a day, once in the later afternoon when he would tell of his day, all of it tumbling out quickly because there was not much time, and before he went to bed. Often now, the man took his wife to dinner. He made a courtship ceremony of it, inviting her beforehand so she could get used to the idea. They dressed and were beautiful together again and went out into the frosty night.Over candlelight he would say, â€Å"l think you are better, you know. † â€Å"Perhaps I am,† she would murmur. â€Å"You look. . . like a cloistered queen,† he said once, his voice breaking curiously. One afternoon the girl brought the child into the bedroom. â€Å"We've been out playing in the park. He found something he wants to give you, a surprise. † The little boy approached her, smiling mysteriously. He placed his cupped hands in hers and left a live dry thing that spat brown juice in her palm and leapt away. She sc reamed and wrung her hands to be rid of the brown juice. â€Å"Oh, it was only a grasshopper. said the girl. Nimbly she crept to the edge of a curtain, did a quick knee bend and reclaimed the creature, led the boy competently from the room. â€Å"The girl upsets me,† said the woman to her husband. He sat frowning on the side of the bed he had not entered for so long. â€Å"I'm sorry, but there it is. † The husband stroked his creased brow and said he was sorry too. He really did not know what they would do without that treasure of a girl. â€Å"Why don't you stay here with me in bed,† the woman said. Next morning she fired the girl who cried and said, â€Å"l loved the little boy, what will become of him now?But the mother turned away her face and the girl took down the watercolors from the walls, sheathed the records she had danced to and went away. â€Å"I don't know what we'll do. It's all my fault. I know I'm such a burden, I know that. †    †Å"Let me think. I'll think of something. † (Still understanding these things. )    â€Å"I know you will. You always do,† she said. With great care he rearranged his life. He got up hours early, did the shopping, cooked the breakfast, took the boy to nursery school. â€Å"We will manage,† he said, â€Å"until you're better, however long that is. He did his work, collected the boy from the school, came home and made the supper, washed the dishes, got the child to bed. He managed everything. One evening, just as she was on the verge of swallowing her draught, there was a timid knock on her door. The little boy came in wearing his pajamas. â€Å"Daddy has fallen asleep on my bed and I can't get in. There's not room. †    Very sedately she left her bed and went to the child's room. Things were much changed. Books were rearranged, toys. He'd done some new drawings. She came as a visitor to her son's room, wakened the father and helped him to bed. Ah, he sh ouldn't have bothered you,† said the man, leaning on his wife. â€Å"I've told him not to. † He dropped into his own bed and fell asleep with a moan. Meticulously she undressed him. She folded and hung his clothes. She covered his body with the bedclothes. She clicked off the light that shone in his face. The next day she moved her things into the girl's white room. She put her hairbrush on the dresser; she put a note pad and pen beside the bed. She stocked the little room with cigarettes, books, bread and cheese. She didn't need much. At first the husband was dismayed. But he was receptive to her needs.He understood these things. â€Å"Perhaps the best thing is for you to follow it through. † he said. â€Å"I want to be big enough to contain whatever you must do. †    The woman now spent her winter afternoons in the big bedroom. She made a fire in the hearth and put on slacks and an old sweater she had loved at school, and sat in the big chair and stare d out the window at snow-ridden branches, or went away into long novels about other people moving through other winters. All day long she stayed in the white room. She was a young queen, a virgin in a tower; she was the previous inhabitant, the girl with all the energies.She tried these personalities on like costumes, then discarded them. The room had a new view of streets she'd never seen that way before. The sun hit the room in late afternoon and she took to brushing her hair in the sun. One day she decided to write a poem. â€Å"Perhaps a sonnet. † She took up her pen and pad and began working from words that had lately lain in her mind. She had choices for the sonnet, ABAB or ABBA for a start. She pondered these possibilities until she tottered into a larger choice: she did not have to write a sonnet.Her poem could be six, eight, ten, thirteen lines, it could be any number of lines, and it did not even have to rhyme. She put down the pen on top of the pad. In the evenings , very briefly she saw the two of them. They knocked on her door, a big knock and a little, and she would call Come in, and the husband would smile though he looked a bit tired, yet somehow this tiredness suited him. He would put her sleeping draught on the bedside table and say, â€Å"The boy and I have done all right today,† and the child would kiss her. One night she tasted for the first time the power of his baby spit. I don't think I can see him anymore,† she whispered sadly to the man. And the husband turned away but recovered admirably and said, â€Å"Of course, I see. †    So the husband came alone. â€Å"I have explained to the boy,† he said. â€Å"And we are doing fine. We are managing. † He squeezed his wife's pale arm and put the two glasses on her table. After he had gone, she sat looking at the arm. â€Å"I'm afraid it's come to that,† she said. â€Å"Just push the notes under the door; I'll read them. And don't forget to lea ve the draught outside. †    The man sat for a long time with his head in his hands. Then he rose and went away from her.She heard him in the kitchen where he mixed the draught in batches now to last a week at a time, storing it in a corner of the cupboard. She heard him come back, leave the big glass and the little one outside on the door. Outside her window the snow was melting from the branches, there were more people on the streets. She brushed her hair a lot and seldom read anymore. She sat in her window and brushed her hair for hours, and saw a boy fall off his new bicycle again and again, a dog chasing a squirrel, an old woman peek slyly over her shoulder and then extract a parcel from a garbage can.In the evening she read the notes they slipped under her door. The child could not write, so he drew and sometimes painted his. The notes were painstaking at first; the man and boy offering the final strength of their day to her. But sometimes, when they seemed to have had a bad day there were only hurried scrawls. One night, when the husband's note had been extremely short, loving but short, and there had been nothing from the boy, she stole out of her room as she often did to get more supplies, but crept upstairs instead and stood outside their doors, listening to the regular breathing of the man and boy asleep.She hurried back to her room and drank the draught. She woke earlier now. It was spring, there were birds. She listened for sounds of the man and the boy eating breakfast; she listened for the roar of the motor when they drove away. One beautiful noon, she went out to look at her kitchen in the daylight. Things were changed. He had bought some new dish towels. Had the old ones worn out? The canisters seemed closer to the sink. She inspected the cupboard and saw new things among the old. She got out flour, baking powder, salt, milk (he ought a different brand of butter), and baked a loaf of bread and left it cooling on the table. The force of the two joyful notes slipped under her door that evening pressed her into the corner of the little room; she had hardly space to breathe. As soon as possible, she drank the draught. Now the days were too short. She was always busy. She woke with the first bird. Worked till the sun set. No time for hair brushing. Her fingers raced the hours. Finally, in the nick of time, it was finished one late afternoon. Her veins pumped and her forehead sparkled.She went to the cupboard, took what was hers, closed herself into the little white room and brushed her hair for awhile. The man and boy came home and found five loaves of warm bread, a roast stuffed turkey, a glazed ham, three pies of different fillings, eight molds of the boy's favorite custard, two weeks supply of fresh-laundered sheets and shirts and towels, two hand-knitted sweaters (both of the same grey color), a sheath of marvelous watercolor beasts accompanied by mad and fanciful stories nobody could ever make up again, and a tab let full of love sonnets addressed to the man.The house smelled redolently of renewal and spring. The man ran to the little room, could not contain himself to knock, flung back the door. â€Å"Look, Mommy is sleeping,† said the boy. â€Å"She's tired from doing all our things again. † He dawdled in a stream of the last sun for that day and watched his father roll tenderly back her eyelids, lay his ear softly to her breast, test the delicate bones of her wrist. The father put down his face into her fresh-washed hair. â€Å"Can we eat the turkey for supper? † the boy asked.

Psychology – Reflection on Self

Our universe has the general tendency to move from order to disorder. And yet look at how complex we are. The puzzle becomes: How does our universe creates complexity? David Christian said, â€Å"The universe can create complexity but with great difficulty. † According to him, we live in the â€Å"goldilocks region† of our universe – not too hot, not too cold, but just right for the creation of complexity. Then, things slightly more complex started to appear stage by stage. Each stage is magical because it creates something utterly new appearing almost out of nowhere.We have known that DNA accumulates information through random errors some of which just happened to work. But DNA actually generated a faster way of accumulation information. It produced organisms with brain. And those organisms can learn and accumulate information first-hand. The sad thing about it is when the organism dies; the information dies with them. We, humans, appeared about 200 thousand yea rs ago. What makes humans different is our way of communication, the human language. A system of communication so powerful and precise that we can share our knowledge and form a collective memory that accumulates from generation to generation.The main reason why as a species humans are so creative and intelligence. But then things started to get more complex, emotions, intuition and consciousness started to materialize. We became much more sensitive and perceptive to our environment. We began to reflect upon our different behaviours. That is when â€Å"the self† emerges out of the mere reflection upon our behaviour and social interaction. Our self-concept determines our level of performance in our everyday lives. All the changes we act on the outside begin in the inside of our self-concept.The way we think, act, interact and everything that happens in our life is the manifestations of our self-concept and the way we understand it. Our outer life is always a reflection of our inner life. It is extremely important to know ourselves in order to be very clear of our values, principles, beliefs and ideals. These elements contribute as a whole on how we behave and interact with other people. Our self-concept influences our emotions, behaviour and even the way other people respond and interact with us. The problem with that though is when we think about ourselves negatively.Everything starts to be affected from just the way we think about ourselves. We start to become helpless and depressed. â€Å"We are born with pain. We are born through difficulties,† Nik Vujicic once said. Nik Vujicic was born without limbs. He tried to drown himself when he was 10 years old because he felt like he was hopeless and abandoned. He felt like it was only him against the world. But the one thought that saved him was what will his family feel and suffer when he would kill himself saying, â€Å"You know what’s worse about being born without limbs? It’s being born without limbs who gives up on living.†Personally, I don’t know why we are born this way. But we have a choice, either be angry for what we don’t have or be thankful for what we have. If Nik Vujicic, limbless but can still smile despite difficulties and trials, then so can we. When we feel like we don’t have love and hope, we start to become helpless and lose the strength to love. We start to doubt and question our very own existence when we lose those qualities. We all have those people who are going to bring us down no matter how good our day is, or bring us even lower when we are having a bad day.But when we think and accuse those people as the greatest discouragement of our lives, we’re wrong because they’re not- we are. We have a choice to give up on living or get up. Those things are like the wounds or scars in a tree bark. Judging from how a tree grows, it will never go away. But we can grow as much as we want and let those kinds of things be a small part of our lives, or we succumb to it and die. We need to remind ourselves that we are important and special, and our values are not determined by our social status, background and the way we look.During fifth grade, I was oppressed by many people even my own teacher because I was a bad kid. There was one time I was accused of doing something and I tried to defend myself saying that what happened was an accident, but it was futile. I could only do so much. People were already saying that I was the â€Å"black sheep† of my family and that I was very different from my other siblings. What happened will forever be a scar in my memory but I have to grow. I have to stand up for myself and continue on living.Everyday we make choices, and most often the simple choices are the ones that can have the huge effect for the rest of our lives. The world needs love and hope. Let us start our day by giving just that. We are here for a reason. William Barkley said, †Å"The greatest two days in anyone’s life is the day you were born and the day you know why. † We may not be able to get a miracle but we can be a miracle for others. We need to remind other people that they are important. In order to help ourselves, we first need to become selfless, not egocentric but sociocentric.Just like one famous song would state, â€Å"Love is something if you give it away. It will come right back to you. † When I was a kid even until now, I was always inquisitive and curious. I was really thinking if an optimistic belief in ourselves and self-confidence would really make a difference. I wanted to find out how do you really become successful. Eduardo Briceno asked, â€Å"What do you think is the the key to achieving goals and success? † Most people believed that it’s hard work, persistence and focus but Briceno showed that these are all products of something more potent that anyone could develop.Josh Waitzkin, a chess internat ional master and the subject for the movie â€Å"The Search for the Next Bobby Fisher,† is an example of a person who achieved great success. No one won more international competitions than him. But even more impressive, Waitzkin took on the challenge of mastering a complete new field, martial arts. It was very different from chess. After intense devotion, hard work and some broken joints, he became a great martial artist having won two international competitions. Believe it or not, Waitzkin said that the greatest thing that ever happened to him was losing his first international chess championship.He avoided the greatest psychological trap. The key trap Waitzkin avoided was believing that he was smarter than other people and that he didn’t have to work hard. He could’ve thought of himself as a protà ©gà © but he didn’t. He said, â€Å"The moment we believe that success is determined by an ingrained level of ability, we will brittle in the face of adve rsity. † Stanford University Professor Carol Dweck discovered that some people think that intelligence is fixed while other people see intelligence as Waitzkin does as something that we can develop and grow.In a study she did, several hundred seventh graders were surveyed for which kind of mindset they had and were tracked for two years. Result showed that students with growth mindset increased their performance over time. The only difference between the two groups was a different perspective of what intelligence is. â€Å"The key to success is not only effort, focus and persistent but it is the belief that we can develop ourselves and the growth mindset that creates them. † If we are to fulfill our potentials, we have to start thinking differently.Our thoughts influence our actions because if we don’t believe it then no one else will. We have to realize that we are not constant and locked to our contemporary abilities. We can change our ability to think and perf orm. Because when we lose sight in the belief that we can do something, we are done. In fact, most of the greatest thinkers of our era were once thought of as having no potential and future. Einstein once thought of committing suicide regretting why was he even born. But along with him and other great achievers from Mozart to Robert Boyle built their intelligence and abilities.â€Å"We are what we repeatedly do,† Aristotle famously proclaimed. â€Å"Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. † Once we start to believe in ourselves, that’s when confidence and excellence comes in. Excellence is not something we are born with. We have to work our way to it. We have to make it a habit. William James once said, â€Å"Any sequence of mental action which has been frequently repeated tends to perpetuate itself; so that we find ourselves automatically prompted to think, feel, or do what we have been before accustomed to think, feel, or do.†But before excellence and success, we have to believe in ourselves. The real way of achieving self-esteem and self-confidence is not by being born with it but by working and being certain of it. The key insight of the context is the belief that we can somehow do it, being confident about it and that we have to work hard at something in order to attain it. We must be confident about what we do because we’ve done it a million times. By that, we bring our game to a whole new level. Einstein worked for 10 years in completing his equations for the General Theory of Relativity.Behind it is the understanding that setbacks and failures are part of growth. Every time we became discouraged at something we are doing at, we start to tell ourselves that, â€Å"I can’t do it. † When we hear that, let us talkback with affirmation, â€Å"I can’t do it but not yet. † Just a little faith in ourselves can create great leaps. Having an optimistic belief in ourselves does create competence and effectiveness on what we do. As I would paraphrase a key text in the Bible, â€Å"Faith as small as a mustard seed can move mountains. †

Exporting by states in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exporting by states in the United States - Essay Example A state of Ohio has a mandate to employ its citizen in the labor market. Export trade creates job opportunities, and that contributes positively to expansion in GDP of a state. An increase in a country’s GDP results in an increased per capita income hence a general improvement in the welfare of the citizens. Ohio would formulate favorable foreign policies to attract foreign currency. A country may export its products to those countries with competitive prices. The State of Ohio would focus on those states, which offer highest prices for same products. Commodities with relatively favorable returns in the local market need no export. Goods have different cost of production and attract different revenue, therefore if export trade is not profitable, it is null and void strategy for a firm. Some countries prohibit importation of certain commodities thus can only trade locally Sen, Sunanda. "International trade theory and policy: A review of the literature." Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Working Paper No. 635. November 2010.

What factors do designers and programmers need to take into account in Essay

What factors do designers and programmers need to take into account in other to make web pages as user friendly as possible Examine ways that we page designers can ease decisions making by users - Essay Example Other than getting business exposure and attracting customers, a professional website also provides a lot of other valuable benefits to any business or a company. Some of these benefits include increased business credibility, increased volume of sales through attracting more customers, enabling a business to reach international market, improved and efficient customer service through online forums, and reduced business activity’s operating cost. Talking about websites and their importance in the world of businesses, let’s get to know why user-friendly websites are more popular among users and the customers and how do they prove to be beneficial for the companies. The main reason for developing user-friendly websites is ease of interaction between the website and its users. If a company makes a website which is very heavy or complex in nature, it will not only waste precious time of the users but will also result in less productivity for the company. It is because customers are the main source of productivity for any company and if the customers do not get attracted towards a company, it can never achieve its desired goals and objectives. So it is very important for a company to be customer oriented. If a company does an online business, it should create such a website for product marketing which should be able to attract customers. And this goal can only be achieved through creating a user-friendly website. There are a lot of factors and issues which should be considered while planning to create a user-friendly website. These factors include appearance of a website, navigation and controls, access to pages, layout and design, and download speed. If anyone of these factors is sidelined during the process of website development, the basic goal of creating a user-friendly website can never be achieved. Appearance is one of the most important factors to be considered while

James bond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

James bond - Essay Example In Fleming’s novels, Bond is born in London but he is active all around the globe with his Secret Service Mission and a code number 007. He is made up of many characteristics and is based on various commandos whom Fleming was acquainted with during World War II in the service for National Intelligence Division. Fleming added salt to pepper by creating his own style and tastes to suit the character of James Bond. An American ornithologist was the inspiration for James Bond’s name. His character has varied tastes that are prevalent in all of the books such as his love of drink and food, enjoyment of cars and charisma, and also an approximate intake of 60 custom designed cigarettes per day (Cork, 100-120). There have been many writers following the legacy of Ian Fleming in writing James Bond novels. Some of these are John Gardner who wrote two novelizations and fourteen novels, and Raymond Benson who wrote three short stories, three novelizations and six novels. Other auth ors also wrote James Bond stories included Kingsley Amis, Jaffrey Deaver, and Sebastian Faulks. Furthermore, many novels were based on Bond’s adolescence such as Young Bond which was a work of Charlie Higson (Cork, 125-135). The very first Ian Fleming novel was adapted by the television arena which was called Casino Royale, in which James Bond was an American agent. Daily Express also posted a comic strip series following this book. Twenty five James Bond films have been telecasted and seven actors have scrupulously played their roles in these films (Cork, 125-135). A description of James Bond by Ian Fleming presents him as a person with a weight of 76 kilograms, 183 cm height, an elegant build and posture with blue sparkly eyes and thick black hair. He has a scar beneath his right cheek and one on his left shoulder. There are evident signs of plastic surgery on the back of his right hand. He is an all rounder athlete who can play every game, an expert in pistol shot, a conno isseur boxer, a skilled knife thrower, and does not make use of disguises as were the norm of that time. Besides English, James Bond can speak German and French and is a heavy smoker who uses three gold brands. Women are his compassion and he drinks a lot but is reluctant towards bribes (Cork, 150-170). Raymond Benson’s James Bond was born in Zurich in the beginning of 1920s whose parents were Andrew Bond and Monique Delacroix, from Canton de Vaud in Switzerland. This family separated their time between a huge house outside Basel which allowed James to get fluent in German and French and an apartment in Chelsea. Sadly, both James Bond’s parents expired in climbing catastrophe on a holiday in France when he was eleven years of age (Cork, 160-170). After the demise of Bond’s mother and father, he was kept under the custody of aunt Charmian and subsequently he went to live in Kent with her. On passing the Common Entrance Exam for Eton College, he was admitted into the school. But after two school halves were completed, he was made distant from the school because he came in a supposed incident with a Boys’ Maid. Following this incident his aunt Charmian sent him back to his old school called Fettes College. The Young Bond series talk about his childhood exclusively (Cork, 170-180). Bond became a devoted golfer at the age of fifteen, a hobby which is also Ian Fleming’s hobby. Considering his hobby, he was often found at Royal St Marks Golf

Ray Bradbury Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ray Bradbury Fahrenheit 451 - Essay Example In the futuristic society people’s main leisure activity is watching TV, independent thinking and reading are illegal, books are burned, and information given to the citizens is censored. The protagonist Montag, who burns books for a living, does not question such way of life. However, a meeting with a teenager Clarisse changes the main character’s point of view. Clarisse does not share the values of the society and prefers traditional pastimes of reading, contemplating and talking to people. Talking to her Montag starts to realize that even though advanced gadgets can make life easier, technology and mass culture can take over human lives. Fast development of technology gives the impression that we already live in the world described by Bradbury in the novel. It is evident in the fact that modern life cannot be imagined without TV, computers, social networks and instantaneous exchange of information. People have the impression that they already live in the future. Howe ver, the future based on digital technology and mass culture hides threats modern people overlook. Ray Bradbury more that a decade ago predicted what the course of development taken by our society could bring. In the novel Bradbury warns us about the danger of: abuse of technology that can distort reality and isolate people; consumerism that lays the foundations for the uniform pleasure-seeking society; manipulation through mass media that can result in the loss of free will. By describing the damage caused by lack of human communication, fascination with superfluous entertainment and media manipulation, Bradbury’s purpose is to prevent such conditions before they occur. For one thing, the more people rely on machines, the less they value and notice humans. As a consequence, in digital society, people are lonely and isolated from real world connections. Through the persona of Faber, English professor made redundant in

Healthy People 2020 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Healthy People 2020 - Research Paper Example Finally, in 2010, Healthy People 2020 was launched to guide health work for the next 10 years or up to 2020. Sometime during the mid-period or thereabouts of each of the ten-year programs, a mid-course review is conducted. For instance, the mid-course review for Healthy People 2010 was started to be published in December 2006. Presumably, therefore, a mid-course review for Healthy People 2020 will be done sometime 2015 or thereabouts. The launching of Healthy People 2020 was announced by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services through an official press release on 2 December 2010. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2011), there are four overarching goals in Healthy People 2020. First, the attainment of â€Å"high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death.† The second overarching goal is the achievement of health equity, elimination of health disparities, and improvement of health of all groups. The third overarching goal is the creation of social and physical environments that promote good health. Finally, the fourth overarching goal is the promotion of a quality of life, health development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages. The four overarching goals are declared in the official website of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services for its healthy people programs in www.healthypeople.gov as well as in a brochure produced in November 2010. According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (2010, p. 4), the population of Montgomery was estimated at 366,900 as of 1 July 2010. Approximately, 60 percent of the population resides in Montgomery County. Further, according to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (2010, pp. 4-5), Montgomery’s population was growing at an average of 1.3 percent annually during the 1990s but the population growth rate dropped to 0.1 percent annually since 1 July 2008. Unemployment rate in

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Microeconomics - Essay Example It is well known that when there is a draught there will be water shortage, and when there is water shortage there will be spells of draught. The effects of draught can be linked with meteorological, hydrological, or agricultural aspects and it is a major influence on the social and economic activities of a given region. The role of water in natural calamities is paramount. Heavy downpours cause flood, and scarcity of rain lead to drought. Continued spells of draught results in shortage of water in the region. These two phenomena are beyond human control and their aftermaths have long lasting effects on the economy of a nation. Drought can be attributed to proximity to equator, geographic position, and the lack of greenbelt in a region. When a nation is dependent on agriculture for their economic growth, unexpected seasonal changes hamper their future prospects. During drought there is scarcity of water and continuous heat wave, which damages crop and livestock. Deforestation and reduced greenbelt are also conducive to drought and desertification. Thus, shortage of water can be construed as the one of the major reasons fo r drought. Water is the most abundant natural resource. Yet, the planet is running out of freshwater sources. The rapid increase in world population and recurrence of drought further aggravate the situation. It is estimated that by 2025 two-thirds of world’s population could live in countries with severe water shortage. (Icenhower, June 2006). Though drought is an imminent danger, people tend to consider it as a normal part of the climatic condition. With expanding deserts, deforestation, and growing droughts, compounded with increasing demand of freshwater for human consumption, everyone should be concerned about the potential worldwide calamity caused by diminishing water supply. Due to the random nature of its

Business Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Project Management - Essay Example The researcher states that before initializing a project, project manager and team must be sure about the structure of the host firm because it influences their project and the operations they seek to perform. In addition, the culture of an organization is composed of certain attributes such as values, attitudes, viewpoints and behaviors of its staff members. In addition, it demonstrates the established principles and values of the organization, infusing all the activities which a corporation performs. In simple words, it can make a project a success or a failure. However, the perfect organizational culture is that in which projects are well thought-out in strategic management and are executed to promote and support a firm’s corporate strategy and corporate goals. As a result, top management pays more attention to them and assigns more and more organization’s resources to allow them to be successful. Here strategic management is the discipline of building, implementing, and assessing cross-functional decisions that facilitate a corporation to attain its goals. Moreover, each corporation has its own model organizational culture, operating systems and inside and outside resources to attain this. In addition, at the present it is necessary for the project managers to be familiar with the cultural, organizational and social environments adjacent the project. It could be done by recognizing the stakeholders and their capability to have an effect on the project. Thus, it could lead towards the likelihood of influencing project surroundings in an optimistic manner. Therefore, the any kind of risks could be considerably diminished; however failure to adopt such a way could unavoidably lead to a less than acceptable ending. In addition, the successful project managers would be familiar with the importance to put some effort in changing or improving the organizational culture for the benefit of the project stakeholders. In this scenario, it is the responsib ility of every team member of a project, undeniably every employee of the organization, needs to be influenced to express the attitude that, just as they are stakeholders, as well as every other project stakeholder is also vital (Wideman, 2001). Moreover, the organization's culture plays a significant role in success rate of projects. Take into account that this is about projects all throughout a corporation, not just about one specific project. In addition, the culture of a host organization plays possibly the major role in whether their organization is flourishing in running projects. On the other hand, if a supplier firm faces challenges running projects productively with the host firm, they cannot blame the project managers. In fact, they are struggling surrounded by a culture that is not in support of their struggle. Thus, it is essential for the project manager as well as the top management of the supplier firm to identify and assess the culture of the host organization. Until they are

Story About a Disabled Person Essay Example for Free

Story About a Disabled Person Essay What is a disabled person? A disabled person is classified as any person who is unable to obtain for himself or herself, fully or partially, the normal requirements of an individual and /or is unable to participate fully in the community due to shortcomings either physically or mentally which may have occurred since birth or later in life. There are people who have overcome these shortcomings and achieved great success through self-reliance and diligence. One such person that comes to mind is none other than my Uncle John. Uncle John is my mother’s youngest brother. He was born on June 12, 1970, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Uncle John was not born deaf and blind. According to my grandmother, when Uncle John was 16 months old he came down with meningitis, which robbed him of both his sight and hearing. The sad thing about this was that my grandparents were not aware about this and only realized my uncle’s disability when he was only two years old. By then the damage to the nerves in his eyes were too severe to be rectified and there was nothing that could be done for his ears. With great determination my grandmother tutored my uncle at home in Mathematics, Language, Music and Art. My uncle was a fast learner and picked up well in all the subjects. But he showed tremendous improvement and excellence in Music. My grandmother decided to get him a music tutor although it took a toll on their livelihood as my grandfather was the only wage earner in the house and he had a family of five young kids to feed and educate. My grandmother decided to sell cakes to make extra money. My uncle progressed so well that he had completed all the 8 levels of music in just 5 years. When he was 15 years old my uncle decided to lift the burden of my grandparents by teaching music to earn a living. He was such a patient and caring music teacher that parents were waiting at the doorstep to enrol their children in his music classes. He had been teaching for about five years when he decided to further his studies in music. At the age of 21 he asked for his parents blessings to allow him to pursue his ambition of being a concert pianist in America. My grandmother was reluctant to let him go as she was worried that he would not be able to cope on his own. By then all his older siblings including my mother had graduated and were doing well in their respective fields. They talked their parents into allowing my uncle to follow his dream. With a heavy heart my grandmother gave in and my uncle left for America. While there, my uncle enrolled in the prestigious Julliard School of Music in New York City. Although he had saved enough money to see him through only the first year of college, that did not deter him. He gave his most and his disability was not an obstacle. He excelled in all his classes and was well liked by both his peers and lecturers. He was voted into all the committees as he was someone that could be depended on. At the end of the first year my uncle scored distinctions in all his subjects and was placed on the Dean’s list. He was given a full scholarship to continue his studies for the next year. He excelled for the next three years and was given a full scholarship for the rest of his college studies. At the end of his four year study he was invited to take part in a concert for budding concert pianists. At the tender age of 24 he played in front of an audience of 7,000. The audience was awed by his skills. He appeared in the newspapers and everyone was talking about this young talent. After this he was invited on many premier shows such as The David Letterman Show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show and even The Oprah Winfrey Show. He travelled all over the world giving concerts. He became a world renowned concert pianist earning a lot of money. After being away for 10 whole years my Uncle decided to return to Malaysia. Throughout the ten years away he never forgot the sacrifices his parents made for him. He set them up in a beautiful house with a maid to look after them. He made sure his parents and siblings were well taken care off. He also made sure that his parents travelled to all his concerts all over the world. Today he is happily married with two healthy children – my cousins Deidre and Antoine. He will always be my inspiration because he did not let his disability bring him down. He has taught me that one can excel in anything if one is determined.

William Blake course work Essay Example for Free

William Blake course work Essay William Blake was a man who only thought of bettering our society through his actions and poetry. He started working life as engravers apprentice, he grew up in a time know as the Age of Reason, and produced most of his work during this time as, he was a pioneer of this time. His work was called radical as well as his thinking this is because his revolutionary ideas were against all that the society of the time knew. Blakes thinking reduced the church and its institutions to tools of repression, this was because of the churches over ruling power and control of the general people and the society willingness to obey through fear of being punished or sentenced to an eternity in hell. His attitude to try a liberate the human sprit and freedom of thought was powered by his experience of being tried for sedition, this made his thinking very powerful because the church/institution tried to oppresses and control his to which he replied by ridiculing the church through his inspiring poetry. Holy Thursday The subject of this poem is about Holy Thursday and the lies and the make-up face they put on. The type of social injustice that is shown in this poem is towards children and how they are treated badly and used for the churches gain. The themes in this poem are of repression and greed, these are shown by how the children are being used to up the churches reputation by helping the children, and also how the church have used there power take and use the children. The structure of the of the poem keeps the poem in short basic line of words, sort of like how a small child would think, this puts you in a childs shoes and make you feel more empathy for them. The four quatrains also have the same effect of a childs mind by of staying on one subject for a short time. The quatrains are quite regular and strict giving you and impression of the repression of the church making sure there is no thinking against them. The rhyming is simple and regular. This could give the impression of a controlled person always having to think the same way and keep to the same rhythm or something bad will happen. The poetic techniques used in the poem are clever and well used to create emotion in the reader bringing out different feelings and certain biases towards certain opinions. The juxtaposition in the poem is very emotive like the comparison of a rich and fruitful land being disapproved of because of the babes the are fed with a cold and usurious hand this comparison has put the priests in the worst possible light as if this land is so rich and fruitful then why cant they show some compassion, warmth if it doesnt effect them in the slightest. Another juxtaposed stanza is the sentence is that trembling cry a song? Can it be a song of joy? this sentence juxtaposes the songs that the children sing it that it could a song of over flowing joy or a song of great sadness this bring a feeling of pity into the reader for the children as a cry being called a song is something that only the most evil people would say. This then again puts the priest in a bad light as they are forcing children to sing a song of sadness but call it a song of joy. The repetition in the poem emphasises the sadness and despair in the poem like the repetition for the sun not shining and then something bad happening in stead like it raining. The alliteration enhances the effect of the children suffering going on non stop and never ending like the alliteration in bleak and bare theses pieces of alliteration effect the readers feelings towards the children by makes they more bias towards them. The imagery in this poem is good because its create two different images one for greatness and prosperity and one of sadness and poverty these to images are about the same thing these images are contrast and the better one questioned to see if it is a real while the other images is meant to show the truth and a poverty that is there. The imagery also gives us a visual insight to the childrens life by describing it as the field bleak and bare and their ways are filled with thorns this visual description makes us feel sad for the children. This could also be compared to Jesus crown of thorns and his hard life and how they are being put into the public eye for the wrong reasons. The musical is effective in the poem because of how it contrasts what is actually happening and what the priests want to happen like how the want the children to appear happy to promote god to the people so the people come to church and the priests gain money when really the children get no after and are again just left to be abused. The language and syntax in this poem is simple but still very effective it what it meant to do. It is simple because it is not meant for one particular audience it meant for everyone so keeping it simple make this poem readable for everyone this creates an effect on all people as the rich and supposedly more intelligent dont get all think thats its just a plead to them and the poor and supposedly stupid do not feel left out and unwanted. So this brings the rich down to earth, and brings the poor to the same level the rich are on so they are a level playing field. The language is mostly simple with a few complex words this is again an effort to get everyone to understand the poem and be able appreciate it. The lack of complexity in the poem contributes to the meaning because it reflects the children and how they are simple but need to be cared for. The tone of poem is sad for the children and angry at the people who did this to them. The effect of having this tone make the reader for empathy for the children but it is then a warning and a telling off for the people who did it. The mood this sets is a mood of intensity because of it hate for the people who use the children. The authorial intent in this poem is to get across the point that the children are not happy just sad and abused, and the priests arent what they seem to be. The poem is effective in doing this because of its imagery and poetic techniques, the imagery and poetic techniques are effective because the imagery get across the essential parts of what the author wants to say then the techniques emphasise them. Garden of love The subject of this poem is the repression of freedom and the controlling power of the church and how it takes over. The social in justice show is the repression of the people and how they freedom is taken. The injustice that religion brings upon the people is highlighted in this poem by how it takes over with no question against it when the church is meant to present freedom to the people. It also shows the repression of the people by tell us about how everything the people had it take and converted then the conversion is told to be good. The themes in this poem are repression, controlling dominance and injustice these are shown by how no matter what the church does it is never wrong and how the church is unjust by taking things that are to taken. The structure of this poem is a simple three, 4 lined stanza, these stanzas get worst and worst as you go along adding to the meaning of the poem by reflecting what the church does by how the church just does worst and worst things to abuse the people. The rhyming in this poem make the church seems repetitive and the same all the time because the rhyming is repetitive and simple. The poetic techniques that the poem uses are alliteration, repetition and juxtaposition. The alliteration in the poem enhances the effects of the words by having a build up effect. The repetition in the poem is mainly in the last stanza where and is repeat 4 times and again it has a build up effect on the churches injustice to the people. The imagery in the poem is very strong and emotive. Like the flowers being destroyed and juxtaposed against the graves this creates a feeling of anger of how the church come a destroy like and naturally freedom of everything a bring only death and order and even after death things are still order like how graves have a specific set up. The imagery of the chapel is very strict and regimented with its controlling power. Also with the chapel having thou shall not write over the door promote control as it is an order and does not promote freedom it just show that religion is about what you cant do not what you can. The line priests in black gowns walking their rounds this suggests that the priests are corrupt because they were black instead of a pure white like there meant to be. Also the walking there rounds makes them sound like there patrolling the people making sure that they do not fall out of line and do what the priests want. This then adds the controlling effect that the church has. The language and syntax in this are good because the short sentence make the reader feel the controlling presence of the church only allowing a certain amount of words from the author. The language in this poem is effective because the author uses simple word and put them together to make complex meanings like black gowns this suggests evil and corruption, black is also a dominate colour making the church seem even more controlling. The tone of the poem is of anguish the anguish the author has for his special place of freedom and love being taken over and replaced by control and fake love. The mood that the mood creates is disgust for the church of how they could destroy something as pure as the garden of love, and then replace with fake purity shadowed by corruption. The authorial intent of the poem is that the author wants the reader to understand that the church does not enlighten and love but shadow the people with a cold, corrupt binding grip. It is effective in this because of its description of how the church destroys the garden and replaced with total order and darkness.

HRM Training And Development Programs

HRM Training And Development Programs In order to link the workforce activities to the strategy of an organization strategy, Human Resource Management is the best way. HRM is frequently referred as Strategic HRM. The main driving force of an organisation is resources. There are usually two types of resources which are considered in the organization that can be tangible or intangible. Finance, companys place, employees etc are the tangible resources while intangible resources include goodwill or repute of an organization, capabilities of an employee. As for a organization both types of resources are very important but considerable edge over the other resources is gone to human resource or workforce. it is independent resource while the other resources are dependent . As the human being every one has different talent and capabilities from others so the employees in any organization are different from each other in this regard.(Mathis, Jackson:2007) HRM has several goals: To fulfil the requirements of the business and management There should be a link of human resource strategies / policies towards the business objectives. To find different methods for human resources to add value to an organization. To help a business get the loyalty of employees to its morals, goals and objectives. In simple words the HRM is defined as employing, maintaining and compensation the people in time with the job and organizational need. Human Resource Management is a managerial function which usually concerned with hiring, motivation and maintaining people. Its main focus in any organization is people. (Stredwick, 2005) Intangible resources are very important to an organization as they contribute much more than the tangible resources to total value of the asset of an organization (Grant, 2005) To get the competitive advantage over its competitors training and Development of employees is a strategic tool that an organisation uses. In general education is mind preparation while training is the systematic development of the knowledge ,skill capabilities and attitude needed by an employee to fulfil the requirement of the job and development is the growth of the employees in the sense of their understanding and awareness of the job performed by them. I never teach my pupils; I only attempt to provide the conditions in which they can learn (Albert Einstein, 1879 1955) Learning without thought is labour lost. Thought without learning is intellectual death (Confucius) By giving proper and effective training and development and keeping the focuses on the desired outcomes is a key function of the human resource management. Any organization that has Innovation and having a competitive advantage over competitors, it is only possible with the help of capable employees supported by strong information and understanding about their field of interest. Of course during the training and development program, cost and time investment is critically important for the smoothly running of operations during the way of the project. (Holt: 1993). According to Baldwin et al ,1994 reported that it is an experienced by small and medium firms that if they have skilled labour it is one of the most important factors contributing to their growth. In order to be successful in a global market, an encouraged, stimulated, happy and skilled labour which a small firm needs that can generate at low costs. Importance of Human Resource: Flexibility and adaptability is fundamental for the human resource to own. As the circumstances changes with the passage of time, so the management program of their training and development for the development of employees should take this feature into concern as well. According to Dransfield, 2000 human resource management is very important and mainly it is due to the capabilities and skill of the people and best utilisation of resources by the organisation in the way they want to. People/ Workforce as a key Resource of any organization: The most important activities in any organization are workforce planning. People are the most important key factor of any organization. TO build up a team of expert, skilled and specialised individuals is also a key function of the human resource management. It starts with the analysis of the strategic position of any organization. The desired outcome of this analysis is then feed into a forecasted demand and supply of the labour for the organization. At the end of this analysis the establishment and execution of a human resource plan which man aim is to force plan how Strategy feeds? (Vernez: 2002) How a workforce demand forecast? In order to get an accurate forecast of the workforce size there should be proper planning to put the human resource together. Main key factors are; There should be a demand between existing and new products or services What part of an organization is disposed off or what product closure. Introduction and implementation of new technology There should be cost reduction programmes. Any merger, Acquisition, joint venture, partnership. (Vernez : 2007) How a workforce Supply forecast? The main point for the estimation of supply is the existing workforce. So it is possible of any organization to make a forecast of the workforce size and ultimately this can be compared with the strategic needs of any organization, which results is workforce gap (thats mean a forecast of too few or too many employees). The main role of the HRM is to fulfil this gap. (Vernez: 2007) TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT AS SOURCE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: Knowledge capital through training and development as a source of competitive advantage but how any organization can get it? Knowledge Capital: Know how that comes from information, learning, skills and experiences of the people of any organization. It is the most important point of the human resource capital. The ability to learn faster than your competitors may be the only sustainable competitive advantage (Arie de Geus: 2002) Competitive Advantages: Knowledge worker productivity is (The) only real competitive advantage in a global Economy (Drucker: 2007) A Competitive advantage is an advantage of an organization over its competitors which it gets by offering customers big value , either by giving them higher services or benefits or by lower prices that justifies. Every Organization derives competitive advantage through training and development. In any organization there is a greater stability, elasticity and ability for growth. At least two years training contributes towards the employees stability. Employees become more efficient and effectively participate towards the growth of the organization. The employees become more versatile in operation by training and they can be transferred to any type of job. So there is surety of flexibility as well and growth will bring prosperity which will affect the yearly profit of the organization. However by training the accidents damages and scrap of the equipment can be avoided or can be minimised. If the employees are well trained by the organization the complaints absenteeism can be reduced. (Wilson, John: 1999) Example: Apple is a multinational organization that designs and markets electronics, computer software, ipod, iphone, laptops etc. Training programs of APPLE: The training programmes of the apple have an aim to facilitate their employees to build up their skills and abilities. 1. Educator has Professional development: Apple offers a broad range of professional growth workshops. In order to produce and bring out digital content for their classes they are intended to give faculty talent and self-confidence. They engage media assignment as to generate creativity and there is teams collaborating in and out of class. Each workshop is lead by ex- educators and is fully adapted for their establishment. (AppleS DVD Studio Prio web site: www.apple.com/dvdstudiopro) 2. IT has Professional Services: With your IT Department for a planning of implementation of new technology the apple professional team participate. Even team can handle those proposals over time. (AppleS DVD Studio Prio web site: www.apple.com/dvdstudiopro) 3. iLife, iWork and pro application certifications: In order to prove their abilities and expertise at creating digital content such as movies, music presentation and much more , the students and educators are awarded by associate -level certification in iLife or iWork. (AppleS DVD Studio Prio web site: www.apple.com/dvdstudiopro 4. Programmes like Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server and service certifications: To avoid the troubleshoot Mac OS X or to implement a Mac OS X. Server based system, apple does offer training and certification Courses and programmes. It offers an update version of iPhone development training course that includes full coverage of iPad development. Another 5 days course is conducted for the introduction of iPhone and iPad development.The two other courses are in the queue ANSIC Programming Objective -C for beginners. The trainer choose their classes what they need and these classes are taught by two well -known and highly regarded iPhone developers Jonathan Lehr, founder of About Objects, and Aaron Morse, developer of numerous hit iPhone apps including TapDefense, and Trenches. (AppleS DVD Studio Prio web site: www.apple.com/dvdstudiopro) Challenges faced by HRM: There are few challenges which are facing by HRM: 1. Globalization: As there is no right or wrong way to run any organization, many organizations have taken initiative to improve HRM in their own organizations. Success of any organization depends on the organizations strengths and weaknesses. Globalization is a biggest challenge for HRM because of the change in technology every day. (Shermon, 2004) 2. Cost and Investment: As the training given by the organization, the organization should spent time and money on it. And sometimes after training the employees do not stay within the organization this is the biggest challenge faced by the organization and every organization should allocate its specific budget for the training and development of the employees. But when the organization obtained the outcomes according to the needs and requirements than this cost and time worth it. The expense on the training of the employees will be a recurring advantage for the enterprise for a long time to come which will be in the form of increased efficiency of the employees (Singla , 2000) 3. Keeping Pace with Rapidly Changing Technology: As in the era of globalization, with the passage of time Technology is also changing rapidly which has become a severe problem for the human resource management to cope with. In order to be update with the market, the training and development program should be updated according to the need of time and market condition. (Haines: 1999) 4. Uncertainty: Future is uncertain so the market situation is always unpredictable and to keep the employees up-to-date with the current market situation, it needs a complete study of the current business situation. 5. Retention of the employees: The Big problem faced by an organization is to retain their personnel after their training and development programmes. The competitors always try to take their assets of the organization. (McKeown, 2002) 6. Product Life Cycle: As this is a new modern technology era and due to globalisation the changes occurs so quickly that you should need to keep your employees up to date by giving them training programmes and workshops or short courses because the life cycle of any IT related program is very short.(Stark , 2005) 7. Diversity: According to Thomas,1992 proportions of workplace diversity include, but are not limited to: age, race, ethnicity, gender, physical abilities/qualities, race, sexual orientation, educational background, geographic location, income, marital status, military experience, religious beliefs, parental status, and work experience The innovative ideas can be brought only by the diverse body of talent so the success of any organization depends on it. With the mixture of the talents any business opportunities can be attracted by an organization more rapidly and quickly in this globalisation era (Cox, 1993), which must be the most important organizational objectives. Differentiation: Core benefits are the benefits which are the expectation of the customers that they will receive it from the product. So the main thing of any organization is that what is important to the customers. Theses are the benefits which all of your competitors will offer to the customers in order to be differentiated from its competitors. (Armstrong, 2006) HR Planning Linking Corporate Strategy through Training and Development: This is a vital function of HR and if it is neglected it might put organization in financial trouble as Rothwell, 2001 said the lack of integration between human resource management and strategic business planning processes is increasingly acknowledged as a major source implementation failures So importance of the linkage strategy between corporate strategies when proper training is given with relevance to the companys corporate strategy. Each organization has a corporate goal and plan while the plans include HR objectives. So during training and development program, these objectives should be focused to the employees. Strategic Human Resource Training and Development: 1. Strategy: Human resource management can deal any aspects of the organization which will affects such as employees training, hiring development etc. Strategic HR management is a proactive management of people. Basically it improving everything from hiring to the employees training programs to techniques and discipline. 2. SWOT: There should be SWOT analysis during the training and learning process. This analysis looks at the internal organizational strengths and weaknesses and external factors which are opportunities and threats. These are most important strategic factors as to organizations future. 3. Cost Benefit analysis: During the training and development of the employees there should be some cost benefit analysis that there should be some strategies to measure the best utilization of resources and lower the cost for up scale attributes. With the new product development it always entails significant costs. These are not only sunk but also fixed. As cost is the main concern of any managerial part. 4. Issues of the people: For the achievement of the organizational goals, the people, practises are all purposeful. The issues between people can be resolved b giving them proper training and development. Building Innovation Potential: Knowledge creates knowledge and while it is in the process it brings competitive advantage which leads to innovation. According to Dan Remenyi, 2001 said creativity is typically considered as the basis for innovation, and innovation as the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization The ability to think about of any new idea is called Creativity. This includes the ability to basically it an ability to rethink an old idea and innovation is a process to put that ideas into process. (Bundy, Miles: 2002) For the survival innovations are must for the organizations. Any organization to prove itself in the marketing must bring some innovation and creativity in its business Example of Innovation and Creativity: Apples finished goods are not only differentiated by excellence but they are innovative and cutting edge. Consistent investment in RD creates innovation. The company is excellent in order processing and delivery. Creativity Innovation and Design Apple Apple, Inc Innovative Products are iPod Nano, iPod Touch, iPhone, iPod Shuffle. Any successful organization must incorporate all three in order to get the competitive advantage. When one company makes creativity than it will lead to the innovation of the other organization new iPhone Design: Any initial idea is creativity while design comes through this idea. While through information that developed the product or service is design and creativity is just n idea to put into process. Innovation also brings competition in the market. Recommendation: It is highly recommended that training and development programme is an integral part of human resource management roles and responsibilities. There should be some activities which are highly recommended. Training Learning Courses Workshops Certification Highly demand development courses Planning should be according to the needs and demand of any organization. There should be set up budget for training and development of the employees of any organization. But in order to be up to date with the globalization changes in the market /industry training courses and workshops should be highly recommended because innovation and creativity would only be possible if the organization has up to date knowledge and trained its employees according to the demand of the customer and for the competitors as well. Conclusion: In order to get the objective and goals of any organization it is highly required by any business to have the complete and detailed process of planning and study work of its training and planning programmes. The employees should be trained by proper training and development programs in order to get the competitive advantage in the market or industry. So it is the management part or wok not to waste time and money and utilize these resources properly in order to get the desired output. As earlier discussed that innovation, creativity, sustainability and differentiation is the integral part oh human resource management. If the training level should be up to that point that could enhance the capabilities of any employees and they have the confidence to overcome any worst situation in more efficient manner. Psychological there might be pressure and financial distress but at the end training is long lasting with the satisfaction and demanding product in the market. For the longer life of any organization specially in the globalize world it would only be possible if its products and services are according to the requirements of the customers and have some competitive advantages like Apple which is only possible by the training and development programmes of the organization. So conclusively, focussed, broad and meaningful training of the employees is the main soul of any organization.

Plasma Donation Essay -- Observational Essays

Plasma Donation Save a life, donate plasma! Plasma donation is a process many college students pursue in the efforts to make a sort of supplementary income while attending school. However, many other people in society do not know what all plasma donation entails. This essay will discuss the many aspects and details that the plasma donation process involves. These details include the donor’s waiting time and check-in, the donation process itself, and finally the finishing touches of the donation process. Plasma donation begins with the individual arriving at the Biolife Plasma Center. Upon arrival the person signs themselves in via clipboard or computer. Then after sign-in the individual is seated amongst many other potential donors awaiting their name to be called so they may advance in the donation cycle. Eventually, a nurse calls the individuals name, and directs them toward the front desk. Here they will be weighed on an electronic scale, and also at have their finger pricked with a small punch. This punch makes a small inci! sion in the index finger, that allows a sample of blood to be squeezed into a small straw-like tube. This blood sample is then taken to the small laboratory to be tested for efficiency, while the potential donor is taken to a small cubicle to answer a series of questions involving their immunization history. After the questioning session ends the individual is once again seated in the waiting area until their name is called over the intercom system. Pending normal test results on the blood sample, the donor will be summoned to the donor floor. Here the donation process will finally begin. The individual has now become a donor, for their test results have all come back and fallen within the normal rang... ...donor is able to collect their payment. The donor reports once again to the desk, where they are paid and have their left middle finger dabbed with a substance that will appear under ultraviolet light. This is done to ! prohibit the donor from going to another facility to give plasma. This is the official end of the donation experience. Whether it be helping others that need a blood transfusion, or a supplemental source of income, donating plasma is an extravagant process that takes more effort than the normal citizen realizes. Previously I have explained the entirety of the donation procedure, including the waiting room ordeal, the donating, and then the end stages of the process. This information was presented so that others curious about plasma donation can vicariously live the donation process, and get a feel for what really goes on in the Biolife Plasma Center.

Drawing Down The Moon Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I chose to read the book Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today, by Margot Adler, because I myself am a practicing Wiccan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I began following this religion the summer before I entered high school. I have read many books on my religion, and I thought that this one would compliment the knowledge that I have on the subject.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was raised a Roman Catholic, but I never felt truly comfortable with the teachings of the Catholic church. It always seemed a little off to me and I never felt like I belonged there. After I received the Sacrament of Confirmation, my parents stopped enforcing that I attend mass every Sunday. It made the transition a lot easier for me. Although, they did not and still do not approve of my religion, they understand that Catholicism is not for me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When people hear that I am a â€Å"witch,† they automatically assume that I am either crazy, or a â€Å"devil worshipper.† Books such as Alder’s Drawing Down the Moon, are the only way to allow other people to realize that there are many facets to the term â€Å"Pagan.† They also make people realize that not all Pagan religions revolve around curses, crystal balls and sacrifices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although, I did not agree with everything that Margot Adler had to say, or with some of the interviews she chose to include in Drawing Down the Moon, I am happy that I chose to read it for my final paper. I do not feel that we cover enough about Pagan religions in our class, and this assignment gave me the opportunity to learn more about Pagan religions other than my own. Brief Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In America today, there are a myriad of â€Å"occult† or â€Å"magickal† groups. Some of these groups are small with maybe only 5 or 6 members, some have hundreds. The groups that I am referring to call themselves Pagans or Neo-Pagans. There are a wide variety of Pagans and Neo-Pagans. They can be animists, polytheists, pantheists, monotheists, or a combination of any of these. There are also many different classifications of Witches, such as: Gothic, Classical, Familial, Immigrant, Ethnic and Feminist. Each group is very distinct and different from the next. They do however share a common set of values.   Ã‚   ... ...h to be able to answer in the future, are:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What makes Pagan religions so unappealing to people when the basis of the religion relies solely on however the practitioner interprets it?  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why isn’t there more information available on them considering these religions are so old?  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why don’t these religions have any solid dogma?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think that this assignment was a very good learning experience. It gave us the chance to explore any area of religion that we wanted to know about or learn more about. We weren’t restrained to the more common religions that we discuss in depth in class. I enjoyed the fact that we had a large amount of freedom when choosing our topic. It is not good to always be told what to write about. Freedom of topics is always beneficial for the most creative fulfillment of any assignment. It gives the student a chance to work on something that they are truly interested in. This assignment definitely allowed me to further my knowledge in the areas of religion that I am interested in, rather than solely what is in a syllabus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drawing Down The Moon Essay -- essays research papers Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I chose to read the book Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today, by Margot Adler, because I myself am a practicing Wiccan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I began following this religion the summer before I entered high school. I have read many books on my religion, and I thought that this one would compliment the knowledge that I have on the subject.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was raised a Roman Catholic, but I never felt truly comfortable with the teachings of the Catholic church. It always seemed a little off to me and I never felt like I belonged there. After I received the Sacrament of Confirmation, my parents stopped enforcing that I attend mass every Sunday. It made the transition a lot easier for me. Although, they did not and still do not approve of my religion, they understand that Catholicism is not for me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When people hear that I am a â€Å"witch,† they automatically assume that I am either crazy, or a â€Å"devil worshipper.† Books such as Alder’s Drawing Down the Moon, are the only way to allow other people to realize that there are many facets to the term â€Å"Pagan.† They also make people realize that not all Pagan religions revolve around curses, crystal balls and sacrifices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although, I did not agree with everything that Margot Adler had to say, or with some of the interviews she chose to include in Drawing Down the Moon, I am happy that I chose to read it for my final paper. I do not feel that we cover enough about Pagan religions in our class, and this assignment gave me the opportunity to learn more about Pagan religions other than my own. Brief Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In America today, there are a myriad of â€Å"occult† or â€Å"magickal† groups. Some of these groups are small with maybe only 5 or 6 members, some have hundreds. The groups that I am referring to call themselves Pagans or Neo-Pagans. There are a wide variety of Pagans and Neo-Pagans. They can be animists, polytheists, pantheists, monotheists, or a combination of any of these. There are also many different classifications of Witches, such as: Gothic, Classical, Familial, Immigrant, Ethnic and Feminist. Each group is very distinct and different from the next. They do however share a common set of values.   Ã‚   ... ...h to be able to answer in the future, are:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What makes Pagan religions so unappealing to people when the basis of the religion relies solely on however the practitioner interprets it?  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why isn’t there more information available on them considering these religions are so old?  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why don’t these religions have any solid dogma?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think that this assignment was a very good learning experience. It gave us the chance to explore any area of religion that we wanted to know about or learn more about. We weren’t restrained to the more common religions that we discuss in depth in class. I enjoyed the fact that we had a large amount of freedom when choosing our topic. It is not good to always be told what to write about. Freedom of topics is always beneficial for the most creative fulfillment of any assignment. It gives the student a chance to work on something that they are truly interested in. This assignment definitely allowed me to further my knowledge in the areas of religion that I am interested in, rather than solely what is in a syllabus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Division Between Ancient and Modern Science Essay -- Religion Philosop

Division Between Ancient and Modern Science Introduction Power has played a significant role in the motivation of scientific progress, specifically in comparing modern science and ancient science. Power-seekers have been greatly attracted to scientific pursuits, seeking monetary, life-giving or glory-earning ends. In ancient science "the lure of health, wealth, and eternal life charmed many an alchemist to the poorhouse, madness, or an untimely death" (Coudert 35), while modern society itself has embraced scientific development with a similar fervor. Amidst many similarities, the rift between ancient and modern science is enormous and has frequently left historians puzzled. Although it is clear to historians that the stagnant science of ancient times developed into the modern scientific pursuit in the 17th century, it is not clear what specifically caused this revolution of scientific thought. This essay will discuss differences in motives which have driven ancient and modern science, arguing that 17th century alterations of power structures led to the ultimate division between modern and ancient science and the eruption of modern science as it is today. Comparisons will be drawn regarding knowledge accessibility, prevailing philosophies and ideologies, and the relationship between science and the church. Knowledge Accessibility: ancient secrets vs. modern community knowledge To begin, a major shift in scientific thinking arrived with the dawn of the printing press and the new-found accessibility of knowledge. "Alchemy was from its origins a secret art;" (Roberts 66) secrecy was an absolute necessity in early science when a powerful recipe or method had been discovered, as such knowledge was a valuable commodit... ... Read, John. Through Alchemy to Chemistry: A Procession of Ideas & Personalities. London: G. Bell, 1957. Roberts, Gareth. The Mirror of Alchemy: Alchemical Ideas and Images in Manuscripts and Books: From Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century. Buffalo: U. of Toronto, 1994. Yearly, Steven. Science, Technology, and Social Change. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988. Works Consulted: Sazlberg, Hugh W. From Caveman to Chemist: Circumstances and Achievements. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1991. Sirvin, Nathan. Chinese Alchemy: Preliminary Studies. Cambridge: Harvard, 1968. Thorndike, Lynn. History of Magic & Experimental Science. Vol. 1 New York: Colombia, 1964. Waite, Arthur E. Alchemists Through the Ages. Blauvelt, N.Y.: Rudolf Steiner, 1970. Wilson, David A. Alchemy: Creating Gold From Base Metal. Black Mountain, N.C.: Lorien House, 1988. Division Between Ancient and Modern Science Essay -- Religion Philosop Division Between Ancient and Modern Science Introduction Power has played a significant role in the motivation of scientific progress, specifically in comparing modern science and ancient science. Power-seekers have been greatly attracted to scientific pursuits, seeking monetary, life-giving or glory-earning ends. In ancient science "the lure of health, wealth, and eternal life charmed many an alchemist to the poorhouse, madness, or an untimely death" (Coudert 35), while modern society itself has embraced scientific development with a similar fervor. Amidst many similarities, the rift between ancient and modern science is enormous and has frequently left historians puzzled. Although it is clear to historians that the stagnant science of ancient times developed into the modern scientific pursuit in the 17th century, it is not clear what specifically caused this revolution of scientific thought. This essay will discuss differences in motives which have driven ancient and modern science, arguing that 17th century alterations of power structures led to the ultimate division between modern and ancient science and the eruption of modern science as it is today. Comparisons will be drawn regarding knowledge accessibility, prevailing philosophies and ideologies, and the relationship between science and the church. Knowledge Accessibility: ancient secrets vs. modern community knowledge To begin, a major shift in scientific thinking arrived with the dawn of the printing press and the new-found accessibility of knowledge. "Alchemy was from its origins a secret art;" (Roberts 66) secrecy was an absolute necessity in early science when a powerful recipe or method had been discovered, as such knowledge was a valuable commodit... ... Read, John. Through Alchemy to Chemistry: A Procession of Ideas & Personalities. London: G. Bell, 1957. Roberts, Gareth. The Mirror of Alchemy: Alchemical Ideas and Images in Manuscripts and Books: From Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century. Buffalo: U. of Toronto, 1994. Yearly, Steven. Science, Technology, and Social Change. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988. Works Consulted: Sazlberg, Hugh W. From Caveman to Chemist: Circumstances and Achievements. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1991. Sirvin, Nathan. Chinese Alchemy: Preliminary Studies. Cambridge: Harvard, 1968. Thorndike, Lynn. History of Magic & Experimental Science. Vol. 1 New York: Colombia, 1964. Waite, Arthur E. Alchemists Through the Ages. Blauvelt, N.Y.: Rudolf Steiner, 1970. Wilson, David A. Alchemy: Creating Gold From Base Metal. Black Mountain, N.C.: Lorien House, 1988.

The Factors Affecting The Working Capital Requirements Accounting Essay

Why does budgeting so of import for an organisation. It is a planning and commanding agencies for an administration. This tool works successfully merely when it is implemented with due concern. The budget is non merely a cost supervising method but besides an built-in portion in footings of planning and control parts of an administration. It ever aims to accomplish organisational ends and besides motivates the human resources concerned. The manner of assemblage required information and so choosing an appropriate budgetary system is indispensable for the success of budgetary system. The effectual budgetary attack is one that a state of affairs where the single aims & A ; ends match the organisational aims & A ; ends. It is called end congruity. To guarantee end congruity it is a requirement to guarantee monolithic engagement of supervisory degree in the direction procedure. There are different types of budgets to get by with different patterns. An organisation may utilize a conventional budgetary system and may sometime demand to exchange over to another budgetary system to run into its demands. It is non a simple undertaking to ask for alteration in a budget system. An organisation has to confront certain complexnesss in the signifier of hindrances to alter by the employee of the organisation, alterations necessary in the current support system due to alter in its budgetary system. The degree of truth in gauging the grosss & A ; costs in the budget period is vastly of import for a successful budget. There are a figure of statistical techniques which may be suited in calculating the hereafter figures to be accommodated in budgets. The rule of budgeting is to give direction an thought of how a company is run intoing their ends, whether or non the disbursals are in line with budgeted degrees, and how good controls are working. Appropriately used, budgeting can and should increase incomes, cut down unneeded outgo, and obviously defines how instant stairss can be taken to do bigger markets ( Thomsett, 1988, p. 5 ) . In order to achieve this, direction demands to build a budgeting system, the major aims of which are to ( Viscione, 1984, p. 42 ) : Set acceptable marks for grosss and disbursals. Increase the chance that marks will be reached. Provide clip and chance to explicate and measure options should obstacles arise. As budgeting procedure is really intricate, it comes as no amazement that budgets are seeking to carry through several maps such as ( Harper, 1995, p. 321, and Churchill, 1984, p. 162 ) : Planning, Controlling, Co-ordinating, Instructing, Authorizing, Motivating, Performance measurement, Decision Making, Delegating, Educating, Better Management of Subordinates etc. In the horizon of this study I would wish to discourse two different attacks of budgeting i.e. ( I ) Traditional Budgeting & A ; ( two ) Rolling Budgets & A ; prognosissTraditional Budgeting:In the traditional attack to budgeting and budgeting controls the system of developing a program against the factors which may act upon the budget of the following twelvemonth. There are so many organisations that use traditional budgeting, which give them an thought to calculate for the coming twelvemonth and do non necessitate altering durinthe budget cyclele. Companies treat traditional budgeting suited with simpler coordination of budget premises for different divisions. However with the transition of clip and alterations go oning in the concern, companies raise complain that the traditional budgeting is non accommodating with their demands. The major unfavorable judgment on traditional budgeting is due to: Unsuitable step they are either really simple or really complex Not flexible with altering concern state of affairss The budget is falsely timed either excessively short or excessively long It is considered really political Rolling Budgets and prognosiss: A rolling/continuous budget is such a program that is continually updated & A ; the clip frame remains changeless while the existent period covered by the budget adjusted. Practically, as each month base on ballss, the one twelvemonth uninterrupted budget is expanded by one month, so there is ever a annual budget in topographic point. In the peal budget, directors have to re-think the procedure and do alterations each month. The result of this is normally a more right, up-to-date budget suiting the most recent information ( Horngren, Foster, Datar, 2000, p. 182 ) . This approach- Encourages directors to believe & amp ; re-think sing planning as an on-going procedure, it is non a inactive event. An chance to give more â€Å" existent clip † response to rapidly altering concern state of affairs. In theory, the annually planning procedure is eradicated ; the projection for following twelvemonth is the first peal anticipation. Planing is non stated by the calendar, but can be generated by important events and alterations. As rolled budgets are equipped with the close experience by taking into consideration the current period, they are rationalized with the recent alterations. Rolling budgets are continually updated with the current events, this facilitates in minimising the running discrepancies. Rolling budgets are the most appropriate signifier of budget for organisations which are working in a tentative ambiance, where future events can non be predicted faithfully. Based on the treatment stated above it would be easy to urge the most suited budgetary attack under the undermentioned two scenarios. Scenario-1: One of the concerns operates in a really stable and inactive market topographic point, where there is small alteration in either merchandises or demand twelvemonth on twelvemonth. In this scenario we can easy foretell about future concern state of affairs. Upon historical record we can integrate necessary alterations in the budgetary procedure. As the market scenario does non alter often there is no necessity to integrate rapid alterations in the budgetary system. As per above premise we can rede the organisation to follow the traditional attack to budgeting & A ; budgetary control. Scenario-2: One of the concerns operates in a really dynamic, quickly altering, advanced environment, where there is rapid alteration in either merchandises or demand twelvemonth on twelvemonth. In this scenario we can non easy predict about future concern state of affairs. Upon historical record we can non integrate necessary alterations in the budgetary procedure. As the market scenario changes often there is a necessity to integrate rapid alterations in the budgetary system. To make so, the directors of the organisation need to believe & amp ; re-think sing planning as an on-going procedure & A ; besides need to react rapidly as alterations concern state of affairs. So, the annually planning procedure is eradicated. The projection for the following twelvemonth is the first peal anticipation. Rolling budgets and prognosiss need to be furnished every month or every one-fourth, alternatively of annually as before, which amplified work and costs linked to budgeting. As per above premise we can rede the organisation to follow the peal budget & A ; prognosiss approach to budgeting & A ; budgetary control. Through the planning procedure under this attack is clip devouring, turn overing budget must be suited for such type of concerns.Decision:There are many unfavorable judgments have come from experts. Budgeting theory has been really effectual in analytical jobs and supplying equal solutions linked to budgeting systems. Sometimes, the results of budgeting analysis have been conflicting and ill-defined, but in general upper limit recommendations have been incorporated & amp ; verified in existent scenarios. What I personally have observed really few companies even today use a flexible budgetary system and do a clear difference between governable & amp ; non-controllable disbursal when measuring their executives or directors. It can be freely mentioned that traditional budgeting is still non dead or wholly disused as it is still has been used in the bulk companies all over the universe. Nevertheless, most of them are likely to recognize that precisely the same budgeting theoretical account can non be used in the twenty-first century. Business environment scenarios are no longer sane and budgeting systems must go more antiphonal to the exact demand of consumers & A ; demands arise from the competition. Answer to the Question no. 02 Here XYZ Limited is a medium sized fabrication company which industry & A ; sells its merchandises to different industrial clients who use its merchandises in their ain production line. The typical on the job capital of a fabrication company includes its hard currency, history receivables, three degree stocks as natural stuff, work-in-progress & A ; finished goods and history payables. Now I am advised to describe on how each portion of the on the job capital rhythm could be improved and how it will critically measure the deductions of the developments on XYZ and other dependant clients. To make so, I would wish to discourse all the specifics of working capital rhythms of a fabrication company. The on the job capital rhythm means how efficient a company is at change overing hard currency into merchandises and back into hard currency once more. We can state a company with a really efficient capital rhythm confirms the competitory advantage over a company with an abysmal on the job capital rhythm. To give a better image of working capital rhythm let us say a company has a immense hard currency capital and it spends the hard currency to buy natural stuffs. Then the finished nutrient has been sold. As we are populating in a recognition universe so we have non received hard currency immediately. So, monies can be delinquent to purchasers & A ; Sellerss as trade receivables & A ; trade payables severally. So the on the job capital rhythm requires uniting the period of the stock list or gross revenues degree every bit good as hard currency recovery from clients.Critical tools of working capital rhythm:Working Capital Cycle = INVDOH+ ARDOH – APDOH Here, INVDOH= Inventory Days on Hand= ( Inventory/COGS ) *365 ; This ratio measures how many yearss stock list of a company remains on manus. The lower figure of yearss stock list shows a company possesses strong gross revenues or the demand to increase stock list degrees. In contrary to this the higher figure of yearss stock list shows the company possesses a low gross revenues place. ARDOH= Account Receivables Days on Hand = ( Account Receivables/Credit Gross saless ) *365 ; This ratio measures the figure of yearss it takes to have payments from clients. The lower figure yearss receivables show a company is pull offing its receivables expeditiously. APDOH= Account Payables Days on Hand = ( Account Payables/COGS ) *365 ; This ratio measures the figure of yearss it takes to pay its providers or sellers. The figure of yearss to pay varies by organisation and by industry. Each and every company wants to hold suited payment footings to guarantee liquidness at an optimal degree but does non desire to incur delinquent measures and fees.The Factors Affecting the Working Capital Requirements of an Organization:1 ) Fictional character or nature of Business: The working capital demand is related to the nature and size of the concern. In organisations where the cost of natural stuffs will be used in the fabrication of a merchandise is immense in per centum of its entire cost of industry. In this context the working capital demands will be big. Contrary to this organisation holding immense investings in fixed plus need lesser sum of working capital. 2 ) Volume or Size of Business & A ; scope of Operationss: The demands of working capital of an organisation are straight influenced by the volume of its concern which may be shown in footings of a scope of operations. The greater the size of a concern concern, by and large higher will be the demands of working capital. 3 ) Policy of Production: A concern marked by articulating cyclicality in its sale may prosecute a production policy that may cut down the fluctuations in demands of working capital. For illustration an Air conditioner maker may keep stable production throughout the twelvemonth instead than beef uping the production activity at the clip of the extremum concern season. Such determination may cut down the fluctuations in the demands of working capital. 4 ) Manufacturing Procedure: In a fabrication concern, the working capital demands addition in proportion to the length of the fabrication procedure. The longer the procedure clip of fabrication, the larger is the demand of working capital. 5 ) Variations in Supply: In the seasonal industries the natural stuffs are non available throughout the twelvemonth. Those industries had to purchase natural stuffs in majority at the clip of choice season to do certain an uninterrupted flow and production procedure than during the full twelvemonth. 6 ) Credit Availability: If any house awarded recognition on flexible footings it will necessitate less working capital as it can ever pay to creditors subsequently and vice-versa 7 ) Inventory: In the concern like sugar industry, one requires to hive away a immense sum of natural stuffs and finished merchandises because of its sensualness. The concerns are non able to sell whole finished goods, and so more on the job capital to be required. 8 ) Working Capital Cycle: In a fabrication company, the working capital rhythm begins with the purchase of natural stuff and stops with the realisation of hard currency from the gross revenues returns. The working capital demands find how rapidly the on the job capital rhythm completes one rhythm i.e. , longer the period of the on the job capital rhythm greater is the demands of working capital. 9 ) Stock Turnover rate: The sum of working capital and the velocity with which gross revenues are performed is reciprocally related. A house holding a higher rate of stock list turnover will necessitate lower sums of working capital comparing to a house holding a lower rate of turnover. 10 ) Business growing rate: The demands of working capital of a company addition with the growing and development of its concern activities.How on the job capital rhythm affects an organisation:Now I will seek to do understand how on the job capital demand varies with alterations of different specifics of balance sheet & A ; income statements. Let us see the undermentioned information collected from three Old ages fiscal statements of XYZ Limited.Particulars2010 ( $ )%2011 ( $ )%2012 ( $ )%Current AssetAAAAAACash 795 3.1 585 2.6 427 2.0 A/R 7873 30.4 6693 30.0 7298 34.7 Inventory 10025 38.7 7982 35.7 6695 31.8Entire CA1869372.11526068.31442068.5Fixed AssetAAAAAALand & A ; Building 2660 10.3 2660 11.9 2660 12.6 Machinery & A ; Eqp. 3463 13.4 4135 18.5 4519 21.5 Gross FA 6123 23.6 6795 30.4 7179 34.1 Acc. Dep. 1508 5.8 2187 9.8 2786 13.2Net Fa461517.8460820.6439320.9Due from Military officers 37 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 Intangible Assetss 2583 10.0 2470 11.1 2245 10.7Entire Assetss25928100.022338100.021058100.0AAAAAAACurrent LiabilitiessAAAAAASTL 9113 35.1 7142 32.0 4813 22.9 Current Part of LTD 690 2.7 1255 5.6 1137 5.4 A/P 4572 17.6 3784 16.9 4124 19.6 Accrued Expenses 465 1.8 421 1.9 481 2.3Entire CL1484057.21260256.41055550.1Long Term LiabilitiesAAAAAALong Term Debt 3258 12.6 3483 15.6 2840 13.5 Deferred Income Tax 305 1.2 0 0.0 283 1.3Entire Long Term Liabilities356313.7348315.6312314.8Stockholders ‘ EquityAAAAAACommon Stock 1890 7.3 1890 8.5 1890 9.0 Retained Net incomes 5635 21.7 4363 19.5 5490 26.1Entire Stockholders ‘ Equity752529.0625328.0738035.0AAAAAAAEntire liabilities & A ; Net Worth25928100.022338100.021058100.0AAAAAAAGross saless32388100.036993100.040960100.0Cog 23913 73.8 25565 69.1 25885 63.2 Depreciation 515 1.6 573 1.5 733 1.8Gross Net income796024.61085529.31434235.0Operating ExpensesAAAAAASG & A ; A 6830 21.1 9493 25.7 11360 27.7 Amortization 260 0.8 252 0.7 225 0.5 Traveling & A ; Other Expenses 425 1.3 0 0.0 0 0.0Entire Operating Expenses751523.2974526.31158528.3Net Operation Net income4451.411103.027576.7AAAAAAAInterest Expense 617 1.9 747 2.0 1002 2.4EBT-172-0.53631.017554.3Income Tax Expenses ( Credit ) -230 -0.7 -305 -0.8 322 0.8Net Income580.26681.814333.5AAAAAAADividend PaidAA1940A306AFrom the information mentioned above we can cipher the undermentioned ratios:Ratios2010 ( $ )2011 ( $ )2012 ( $ )Working Capital 3853.0 2658.0 3865.0EfficiencyAAAINVDOH 153.0 114.0 94.00 ARDOH 89.00 66.0 65.0 APDOH 70.00 87.00 54.00 Working Capital Cycle 172 yearss 93 yearss 105 yearssProfitablenessAAAGross Profit Margin 24.6 29.3 35.0 Operating Net income Margin 1.4 3.0 6.7 Net Net income Margin 0.2 1.8 3.5 Remarks: If we analyze the above result we will see that the on the job capital demand in 2010 was US $ 3853 and working capital rhythm was 172 yearss. But in 2011 the concern made immense development in working capital rhythm i.e. it reduced ARDOH for 23 yearss, INVDOH for 39 yearss and increased APDOH for 17 yearss and as such it reduced its on the job capital rhythm for 79 yearss and this development straight reduced its working capital demands i.e US $ 2658 in 2011. Again it fails to keep on the job capital rhythm that degree in 2012 and so its working capital demands besides increased up to US $ 3865.