My Last Day in California Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about mys

  My eyes opened very early that morning. I looked out of window and saw beautiful weather outside.   It was cold wind.   The flowers in my garden were smiling at me.   All of a sudden my eyes got watery.   I remembered that this was my last day in California.   I was going to America early the next day morning with my parents and family.   The day was Saturday, 20th December.   Tears were running down my face.   I went downstairs; everybody in the house was sleeping.   They had been packing until late night and I didn't want to them wake them up.   Therefore, I went back upstairs.   I just started thinking about how I was going to leave my house, my friends, my relatives, and my country.   The place where I grew up, the people with whom I had grown up, how I was going to leave without them?   It was going to be very hard for me to leave something that I had used to.   I took out my album and started looking at pictures with my friends and r elatives.   I looked at the life that I had enjoyed with them.   The moments of happiness and sorrow that we had shared together.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The day begins, but it didn't begin as usual. Finally about 10 o'clock in the morning, I went down stairs.   Everybody was awake by that time.   They were busy in their work.   Nobody had time to hear me.   I saw a couple of guests sitting our drawing room so I went back upstairs again.   In a few minutes, the intercom in my room rang and I heard my mom tell me to get ready to go to the temple.   I took a bath and dressed up like a pretty Californian girl.   When I get downstairs, everybody was ready to g... ...The luggage was already in the car then we got in.   As we pulled away, I kept looking at my house as far as I could see it.   All of our friends and relatives were coming to the airport.   We got to the airport.   We were running little bit late.   Therefore, we had to hurry to get our luggage and check in.   No one else could enter the airport but customers so I looked at all of my relatives and friends one last time.   They all were crying.   We had never lived that far from each other.   We boarded the plane, and all I could do was cry.   I made my flight to Ohio.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leaving my home was the saddest day of my life.   I am in Ohio now, still missing the life I enjoyed in California with my friends and family, still believing there is nothing better than home.   

Difference Between Subjective and Objective Forms of Appraisal

Difference between subjective and objective forms of appraisal Subjective appraisal is of where the appraisal is evaluated on the feelings of the evaluator. This isn’t judged on criteria as the objective appraisal is judged on set criteria and has no basis on how the evaluator feels about the performance, just how he views each select sector. Explain the process of creating movement. There are many steps that are relevant to the sport of rugby league in creating movement.There are many elements that influence and create the process of movement; these include coaches, improvising, motivating factors, rules and variations. Coaches play a large amount in the structure of a team, so therefore they play are large part in the what movement is done by the individual players. Often the coaches and administrators will practice what movements they want their chargers to do. Improvising is an integral part of movement in rugby league as the dynamics of the general play is always changing and often you cannot stick to a set play that is practiced.This is because you have direct opposition and it is unpredictable of what they are going to do. Motivating factors are another major factor in the process of movement. Often this is directly related to the score of the game. A good example is in rugby league upon a field goal is a great idea at equal scores with a minute left. The main motivating factor of sport is to win and therefore all movements are drawn on accordingly. Rules govern how the game is played and have an immense impact on the decisions made by the players and coaches and what movements are done.In rugby league, it is well known to go for the legs or the midriff in a tackle so you don’t slip and go around the head which results in a penalty. Variations are small differences in plays, this is normally attributed to the opposition understand what you are trying to, and varying to get a different outcome. These can often include different and more diff icult changes to the basic skills, like look away passing. These elements of rugby league and many others create a basis of which movement is created in game.The elements not only affect movement but are an integral part of the process and the creation of movement. Each sport is different and has different examples of what elements affect the process of movement. Using a movement medium of your choice critically analyse how each of the elements of composition can be applied to the activity when comprising and performing Combining and arranging movement so that it is fluent and unpredictable to the defence. This is the main component of creating successful movement in the sport of Rugby League.Some of the things that effect composing and performing in rugby league include the space, dynamics, time and rhythm and relationships. Space plays a big part in the game of Rugby League. Playmakers in the game are always trying to exploit space to use it to the team’s advantage to score points. This use of space is personsified no better than with the kick and chase. This uses the space behind the defensive line and uses a small chip kick over the line with the player chasing through the line to attempt to catch the ball and make a run to the tryline.This type of play utilizes the space that is often not thought about and can often make a large difference to the mindset of the opposing players. Patterns and Formations play a large key in the sport of Rugby League. A lot of the the attacking and defensive plays are practiced rigiously and in detail at training. They are used to correct any possible faults that would usually occur during a defensive position that was unplanned. A usual formation that occurs in defence is the fullback staying behind the play in case of a line break through the defensive line.Also having the wing players drop back to align with the fullback on the 5th tackle is another ploy to stop the effectiveness of an attacking kick that attempts to gain field position. Dynamics is an important part of rugby league, most notably in defence when force and flow can create a strong tackle to stop the attacking player. This can often change the feeling of the game and the team morale, as well as the momentum of the general play that is current. Force can also help you break tackles as the defenders arms cannot react to the physical contact they receive in the tackle.Flow is the degree of control of movement through time and space. This is imperative in the success of an attacking team as having bound flow usually presents a positive effect in a rugby league team. Timing and rhythm is imperative in the game of rugby league. Many aspect of this are more important than other, momentum is crucial as an attacking player, as the defensive player rarely has more momentum, the attacking player often needs to use this to his advantage. Timing of the run and timing of the pass is also important for a play to work successfully.If the timin g of either the runner or the passer is out of the zone then often the pass will be unsuccessful and the play will break down due to either a failed pass or a failed catch. Timing is something that is picked up to almost a telepathic event after much time spent as partners or teammates, a lot also derives from direct communication. Relationships are a huge key to a positive performance in a rugby league game. Having positive relationships with your fellow teammates can have them help you to be in position and create a movement they need for what they are trying to achieve.This can stem back to team formations and positional play. Often knowing your teammates positive attributes and their strengths can result in better movements suited to them and their style. In conclusion, these elements of composition can easily be applied to the sport of Rugby League in many different ways. All of the elements are important and can have a profound effect on the overall performance and the result of the game. The positive use of all elements of compositions can maximise the potential of the performance and all of the possible results that can occur.

Biography of Marilyn Monroe, Model and Actress

Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jean Mortenson; June 1, 1926–Aug. 5, 1962) was an American model turned singer/actress whose career spanned the late 1940s to the early 1960s. Monroe appeared in a number of what are now considered classic films prior to her unexpected death at age 36. Fast Facts: Marilyn Monroe Known For: Model, pinup, actressAlso Known As: Norma Jeane Mortenson, Norma Jeane BakerBorn: June 1, 1926 in Los Angeles, CaliforniaParents: Gladys Baker Mortenson; father unknownDied: Aug. 5, 1962 in Brentwood, CaliforniaEducation: Attended Van Nuys and University High School in Los Angeles, California; dropped out at 15Selected Films: Some Like It Hot, The Seven Year Itch, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, How to Marry a Millionaire, Bus Stop, The MisfitsAwards and Honors: Three Golden Globes, star on the Holly Walk of FameSpouse(s): James Dougherty (m. 1942–1946), Joe DiMaggio (m. 1954–1955),  Arthur Miller (m. 1956–1961)  Notable Quote:  I dont mind living in a mans world as long as I can be a woman in it. Early Life Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson—and later baptized as Norma Jeane Baker—in Los Angeles, California to Gladys Baker Mortenson (nà ©e Monroe). No one knows the identity of Monroe’s biological father, but some biographers speculate it was Gladys’ second husband, Martin Mortenson, although they were separated prior to Monroe’s birth. Others have suggested Monroe’s father was a co-worker of Gladys’ at RKO Pictures named Charles Stanley Gifford. In any case, Monroe was regarded as an illegitimate child and grew up not knowing her father. As a single parent, Gladys worked during the day and left her daughter with neighbors. Unfortunately, Gladys was not well; she was in and out of mental hospitals until she was institutionalized at the Norwalk State Hospital for Mental Diseases in 1935. At age 9, Marilyn was taken in by Gladys’ friend Grace McKee. Within the year, however, McKee was no longer able to care for the girl and took her to the Los Angeles Orphanage. Monroe spent two years there and then lived in a succession of foster homes. Its believed that during this time, Monroe was molested. In 1937, 11-year-old Monroe found a home with â€Å"Aunt† Ana Lower, a relative of McKee’s, where she had a stable home life until Lower developed health problems. Subsequently, McKee arranged a marriage between 16-year-old Monroe and Jim Dougherty, a 21-year-old neighbor. The two were married on June 19, 1942. From War Bride to Model In 1943, as Americas involvement in World War II gripped the nation, Dougherty joined the Merchant Marines. He shipped out to Shanghai one year later. With her husband overseas, Monroe took a job at the Radio Plane Munitions Factory, where she was discovered by photographer David Conover who was taking pictures of women working for the war effort. Conover’s shots of Monroe appeared in Yank magazine in 1945. Impressed by what he saw, Conover showed Monroe’s photos to commercial photographer Potter Hueth. Hueth and Monroe struck a deal: Hueth would take pictures of Monroe, however, shed only be paid if magazines bought her photos. This arrangement allowed Monroe to keep her day job at Radio Plane and model at night. Hueth’s photos of Monroe piqued the interest of Emmeline Snively, the head of Blue Book Modeling Agency, the largest modeling agency in Los Angeles at the time. Snively offered Monroe a chance at a full-time modeling career—with the proviso that Monroe must attend Snivelys three-month modeling school classes.   Monroe agreed and was soon working diligently to perfect her new craft. While under contract to Snively, Monroe changed her hair color from light brown to blonde. Dougherty, who was still overseas, wasnt happy to learn about his wifes new line of work. The Transition from Modeling to Movies to Marilyn By this time, several photographers were taking pictures of Monroe for pinup magazines, often showcasing her hourglass figure in two-piece bathing suits. Monroe became so popular, her picture could be found on the covers of several pinup magazines in the same month. In July 1946, her photos attracted the attention of casting director Ben Lyon of 20th Century Fox who called Monroe for a screen test. In August, 20th Century Fox offered Monroe a six-month contract with an option to renew every six months. After Dougherty finished his tour of duty and returned stateside, he became increasingly frustrated by his wifes new career. The situation eventually came to a head and the couple divorced in 1946. Until that time, Monroe had been using her married name, Norma Jeane Dougherty, professionally. It was Lyon who helped her come up with her now legendary screen name by suggesting she take the first name of popular 1920s stage performer Marilyn Miller. Monroe adopted her mother’s maiden name for her surname, and the alliterative Marilyn Monroe was born. Career Struggles and Scandal Earning $75 per week, 20-year-old Monroe attended free acting, dancing, and singing classes at the 20th Century Fox studio. She appeared as an extra in a few movies and had a single line in the highly forgettable Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! (1948). When Monroes initial six months were up, her contract wasnt renewed. Monroe began receiving unemployment benefits and continued taking acting classes. Six months later, Columbia Pictures hired her as a $125-a-week contract player. Monroe was given second billing and a featured role in Ladies of the Chorus (1948) but despite positive reviews, her contract at Columbia wasnt picked up. In 1949, Tom Kelley, a photographer whod worked with Monroe previously, offered her $50 to pose nude for a calendar. Monroe, who was broke, agreed to take the job. Kelley subsequently sold the shots to Western Lithograph Co. for $900. The calendar, Golden Dreams, made millions. In 1952, word of Monroes nude photos surfaced, threatening to ruin her career. To combat the negative publicity, Monroe told the press about her troubled childhood. She revealed that shed posed for the photos when she was destitute, and never received as much as a thank-you note from the people who made so much money off her $50 humiliation. (In 1953, Hugh Hefner bought one of the photos for $500 and published it in his first issue of Playboy magazine.) Big Break When Monroe got wind that the Marx brothers needed a blonde for their new movie, Love Happy (1949), she auditioned and got the part. The role called for Monroe to sashay by Groucho Marx in a sultry manner and say, â€Å"I want you to help me. Some men are following me.† Although she was only on screen for 60 seconds and was paid, according to Marx, $100, Monroe’s performance caught the eye of the producer, Lester Cowan, who decided that Monroe should go on the five-week publicity tour for the film. Her bit part was also noted by major talent agent Johnny Hyde, who wrangled an audition for her at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for a small part in Asphalt Jungle (1950). The film, directed by Oscar-winning actor/director/screenwriter John Huston, was nominated for four Academy Awards.  Although Monroe had only a minor role, it was a memorable one. Monroe’s performances, including a small but juicy turn in the Bette Davis classic All About Eve (1950), led studio executive Darryl Zanuck to offer her a contract to return to 20th Century Fox. When studio publicist Roy Craft capitalized on Monroes image as a pinup girl, the studio received thousands of fan letters, many eagerly wanting to know what Monroes next film appearance would be. Sensing a potential box-office goldmine, Zanuck ordered producers to find parts for her. She played her first leading role as a mentally unbalanced babysitter in Dont Bother to Knock (1952). Over the next two years, Monroe made some of her most memorable movies: Niagara (1953), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), How to Marry a Millionaire (1953), River of No Return (1954), and There’s No Business Like Show Business (1954). Marriage to Joe DiMaggio On January 14, 1954, legendary New York Yankees baseball star Joe DiMaggio and Monroe tied the knot. As two rags-to-riches kids, their marriage made headlines. DiMaggio was ready to settle down, but Monroe, who was set on a career and also had professional commitments, planned to continue acting while fulfilling a recording contract with RCA Victor Records. DiMaggio and Monroe’s troubled marriage reached a boiling point in September 1954 during the filming of The  Seven Year Itch,  which was released the following year. Monroe, who had top billing, was standing over a subway grate when a gust blew the skirt of her white dress into the air while excited onlookers whistled and clapped. Director Billy Wilder turned it into a publicity stunt and shot the legendary scene again. DiMaggio, who was on the set, flew into a rage. The couple separated and were divorced after only nine months of marriage. Career Transition and The Actors Studio Monroe was now a major movie star, but with the exception of Niagara, in which shed played a cunning murderess harkening back to classic noir films such as The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946) and Double Indemnity (1944), she was beginning to chafe at the limited range of roles she was being offered by the studio. Not content to be seen as merely a pretty face attached to a voluptuous figure, Monroe set her sights on becoming a serious actress. In 1954, at odds with her studio contract and seeking more control of her career, Monroe formed her own production company. The following year, she moved to New York City and enrolled at the prestigious Actors Studio run by Method Acting guru Lee Strasberg and his wife, Paula. The three formed a strong bond and a sometimes troubling symbiotic relationship that endured for the remainder of Monroes life. On the plus side, Monroes acting talents were honed and refined under Strasbergs tutelage. Critics generally agree that her performances were more powerful and nuanced thanks to the training she received. On the downside, Lee Strasberg was accused of playing on Monroes insecurities and exerting a Svengali-like influence over her both personally and professionally. For a time, Monroe actually moved into the Strasbergs Manhattan apartment, and when she did return to her film career, Paula notoriously accompanied her on every movie set—much to the dismay of directors including Laurence Olivier and George Cukor whose artistic sensibilities did not mesh with Method Acting. Marriage to Arthur Miller Monroes third marriage took place on June 29, 1956, when she wed noted American playwright Arthur Miller. Monroe converted to Judaism in order to marry Miller, who was of Polish-Jewish descent. (Monroe’s 1922 edition of the prayerbook, â€Å"The Form of Daily Prayers: According to the Custom of the German and Polish Jews sold at auction in 2018 for a total of $26,250. In 1999, a copy of â€Å"A Union Prayer Book for Jewish Worship† with the name â€Å"Marilyn Monroe Miller†Ã‚  inscribed on its cover sold for $19,250.) During her marriage to Miller, Monroe suffered two miscarriages and once again turned to sleeping pills to cope with her emotional turmoil. She also starred in two of her most legendary movies: Bus Stop (1956) and Some Like it Hot (1959). The latter netted her a Golden Globe Award for best comedy actress. Miller wrote the screenplay for The Misfits (1961) as a vehicle for Monroe. The film re-teamed Monroe with director John Huston and co-starred legendary leading man Clark Gable and fellow Actors Studio alum Montgomery Clift. (The Misfits marked the final screen appearances for Monroe and Gable; Clift died of a heart attack five years later in 1966 at age 45.) During filming in Nevada, Monroes frequent illnesses held up production. Monroes condition was exacerbated by the consumption of sleeping pills and alcohol. She was eventually hospitalized for what was then termed a nervous breakdown. Monroe and Miller ended their five-year marriage after the completion of the film. Downward Spiral On February 2, 1961, Monroe was admitted to Payne Whitney Psychiatric Hospital in New York. DiMaggio flew to her side and had her moved to Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, where in addition to psychiatric treatment, she also underwent gall bladder surgery and lost a substantial amount of weight as a result. DiMaggios attentiveness to Monroe during her illnesses triggered rumors that the couple might reconcile. Near the end of April 1962, Monroe was scheduled to begin shooting Something’s Got to Give, a film comedy helmed by veteran director George Cukor and co-starring Dean Martin and Wally Cox. Due to a serious sinus infection, Monroe was unable to report for work, so Cukor was forced to shoot around her as much as he could. Despite her illnesses, on May 19, 1962, Monroe, wearing a sheer, flesh-colored, rhinestone-studded dress, sang â€Å"Happy Birthday, Mr. President† at a Madison Square Garden Gala for President John F. Kennedy. Her sultry performance sparked rumors that the two were having an affair, followed by a subsequent rumor that Monroe was also having an affair with the President’s brother, U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy. When Monroe returned to California to resume shooting Somethings Got to Give, her health had not improved. Further prolonged absences from the set led 20th Century Fox to fire her and file suit for breach of contract. While she was eventually rehired, the film was never finished. Death Monroes reliance on sleeping pills and alcohol has been documented, yet it was still shocking when the 36-year-old was found dead in her Brentwood, California home on August 5, 1962. The coroners death certificate lists Monroes cause of death as acute barbiturate poisoning, ingestion of overdose (later determined to be a combination of Nembutal and chloral hydrate, a knockout drug commonly known as a Mickey Finn). After an autopsy, Monroes body was released to DiMaggio and a private funeral was held. Conspiracy Theories The death of Marilyn Monroe has spawned its own fertile mythology. While the coroner labeled her death a â€Å"probable suicide† and closed the case, there was no definitive proof that Monroe took her own life. Some sources close to the actress contested the finding. The question of whether or not the actress ingested the drugs has been a topic of debate since, according to the autopsy report, no trace evidence of Nembutal was found in her urine. (Had she swallowed a sufficient number of pills to result in an overdose, its argued that the coloring from the capsules should have been evident.) According to John W. Miner, one of the members of the autopsy team, relevant evidence including Monroes stomach contents, organ samples, and pertinent smear materials went missing and were never found. He concluded, however, that the high concentration of narcotics in Monroes liver suggested that the fatal dosage had been delivered via suppository rather than ingestion. So while some speculate Monroe died from an accidental overdose, others believe she was murdered. One scenario suggests Monroe was silenced to stop her from revealing intimate information on her alleged liaisons with President Kennedy and his brother Robert; another posits her death was an organized hit by the mob. In this version, Robert Kennedy was said to have been with Monroe in the hours prior to her death. Framing him for her murder would derail the escalating war against organized crime the Attorney General was waging, however, the scene was supposedly sanitized by government-sanctioned cleaners before RFK could be implicated. While several sources have confessed to participating in the hit, theres no conclusive proof to support such claims. The events of Monroes final hours will likely remain a mystery, however, those who believe she was murdered say the missing autopsy evidence points to a well-choreographed coverup. Legacy Decades after her death, Marilyn Monroes incandescent performances along with her personal backstory continue to captivate the publics imagination. The iconic picture of Monroe standing over the subway grate in The Seven Year Itch—ironically the last straw in her troubled marriage to Joe DiMaggio—is easily one of the most recognizable images in the landscape of modern popular culture. Along with Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley, and Elizabeth Taylor, Monroe is one of the most prominent delebs (a term coined by the entertainment industry in connection with deceased celebrities whose estates continue to generate substantial revenues after the celebrity has passed away) in the world. With the aid of CGI (computer-generated imagery), in 2011 Monroe appeared in an ad alongside Grace Kelly, Marlene Deitrich, and Charlize Theron for Christian Diors perfume JAdore. Three years later, Chanel No. 5 tapped Monroe as their celebrity spokesperson—this time, thanks to archival footage, and more accurately, since Chanel No. 5 was Monroes signature scent—five decades after her death. But theres more to Monroes legacy than just the licensing of her image and a catalog of classic films. One of a cadre of mid-century zaftig screen sirens that included Jayne Mansfield and Mamie Van Doren, as she matured, only Monroe was able to shatter the stereotype of dumb blonde by reinventing the trope as something more complex and three-dimensional—a human being worth knowing. Monroes humanity and vulnerability are two traits cited by film historians that clearly come across in a number of her most memorable film portrayals. In addition to her undeniable allure, the little girl lost quality she never fully outgrew onscreen is ultimately what many believe makes Monroes performances magnetic, irresistible, and ultimately enduring. Goodbye, Norma JeaneThough I never knew you at allYou had the grace to hold yourselfWhile those around you crawledThey crawled out of the woodworkAnd they whispered into your brainThey set you on the treadmillAnd they made you change your name And it seems to me you lived your lifeLike a candle in the windNever knowing who to cling toWhen the rain set inAnd I wouldve liked to known youBut I was just a kidYour candle burned out long beforeYour legend ever did—From Candle in the Wind by Elton John, 1973 Sources Marilyn Monroe. Biography.com.Norma Jean Baker 1942 Yearbook. MarilynMonroe.ca.Marilyn Monroe’s Legacy Is Way More Than Curves and a Blonde Bob. HuffPost.Marilyn Monroe. How Stuff Works.Miner, John W. Miners Account of Monroes Death from The Marilyn Monroe Story. The Los Angeles Times. August 4, 2005Kahn, Erik W.; Pou, â€Å"Bonnie† Lee.â€Å"‘Delebs’ and Postmortem Right of Publicity.† Landslide, Vol. 8, No. 3. American Bar Association. January/February 2016. Marilyn Monroe and the Actors Studio (Documentary)Marilyn Monroe: The Mortal Goddess. AE Biography, 2002

The Roman Salute Morituri te salutant

As the toga-wearing combatants face each other across an unforgiving circle of sand, they turn toward their laurel-wreathed eminence, snacking on grapes, and bellow: â€Å"Ave, Imperator: Morituri te salutant!† This staple of swords-and-sandals fiction, the gladiator’s salute to his Emperor, in fact likely never happened. Only a handful of Roman historians, long after the fact, mention the phrase — literally, â€Å"Hail, Emperor, those who are about to die salute you† — and there’s little indication that it was in common usage in gladiatorial combat or any other games in ancient Rome. Nonetheless, â€Å"Morituri te salutant† has gained considerable currency in both popular culture and academia. Russell Crowe mouths it in the film â€Å"Gladiator,† and it’s used over and over by heavy metal bands (most cheekily by AC/DC, who tweaked it â€Å"For those about to about to rock, we salute you.†). Origin of the Phrase Where did the phrase â€Å"Morituri te salutant† and its variations (†¦morituri te salutamus, or â€Å"we salute you†) come from? According to the historian Suetonius’s Life of the Divine Claudius, the account of that emperor’s reign in his compendium The 12 Caesars, written around 112 A.D., it stems from a peculiar event. Claudius had commanded an immense public works project, the draining of Lake Fucino for agricultural land. It took 30,000 men and 11 years to complete. In honor of the feat, the emperor ordered up a naumachia — a mock sea-battle involving thousands of men and ships — to be held on the lake before it was emptied. The men, thousands of criminals otherwise to be hanged, hailed Claudius thusly: â€Å"Ave, Imperator: Morituri te salutant!† upon which the emperor replied â€Å"Aut non† — â€Å"Or not.† After this, the historians disagree. Suetonius says that the men, believing themselves pardoned by Claudius, refused to fight. The emperor ultimately cajoled and threatened them into sailing against one another. Cassius Dio, who wrote about the event in the 3rd century B.C., said the men merely pretended to fight until Claudius lost patience and commanded them to die. Tacitus mentions the event, some 50 years after it happened, but doesn’t mention the plea by the gladiators (or more precisely, naumachiarii). He relates, though, that a large number of prisoners were spared, having fought with the valor of free men. Use in Popular Culture In addition to the above-mentioned films and rock albums, Te morituri†¦ is also invoked in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and James Joyce’s Ulysses.

For years there’s been a contended debate on whether or...

For years there’s been a contended debate on whether or not violence in the media harms children. On television, thousands of murders are being broadcasted to children who are in Elementary School, they are witnesses to hundreds of thousands acts of murder and general violence. In Media Now, ethics come to play and discussions regarding the question who is truly responsible for media effects comes into play? Watching too much violent TV and playing too many violent video games takes a toll on childrens social and physical development, researchers report. It seems as though the more TV kids watch the more they are subjected to isolation and refrain from spending quality time with friends outdoors. Media now discusses the role of producers†¦show more content†¦A supposed solution to this is idea, is rendered in the chapter when ideas about teaching children media literacy from a young age, so they can further comprehend the industry and what exactly it is that they are viewing. For it is reality shows such as â€Å"The Real World†, and â€Å"Jersey Shore† that have polluted the minds of innocent children, tempting them to act as the people in television act. The media needs to have better regulation of what is shown on TV for the next generation to come depends on it. In the Article, TV and Video Game Violence Harms Kids, research was reported stating that rising quantities of social isolation was present in children who had higher exposure t violence in the media. Explanations have been given stating that, â€Å"since violent TV is connected to aggressive behaviors in children, it makes it harder for these children to get along with other children†. Surveys and experimental studies, concluded that children who not only visualized violence but interacted with it, had a greater increase in blood pressure, and were harboring more negativity and hostile emotions. MediaShow MoreRelatedDetermining the Ksp of Calcium Hydroxide by Titration of Saturated Ca(Oh)2(Aq) with Hcl(Aq)2019 Words   |  9 PagesDetermining the Ksp of Calcium Hydroxide by Titration of Saturated Ca(OH)2(aq) with HCl(aq) Abstract: Titration is a technique that has been used in this experiment to identify the Ksp value of calcium hydroxide in order to determine the extent to which the compound is soluble in water. A known volume of 50 mL of hydrochloric acid, a concentration of 0.05 M hydrochloric acid, a volume of 50 mL calcium hydroxide base, an unknown concentrationRead MoreA Study On The Subject Matter Of Aq And Its Operations1963 Words   |  8 Pagesmatter of AQ and its operations. It is meant to locate the current study in the body of knowledge by establishing the extent to which this subject has been researched. Since a study is only as good as it is capable of contributing to the body of knowledge, it is imperative that the present study’s contribution to the body of knowledge is ascertained. Otherwise it is a study in vain. Origin and Ideology of AQ One of the issues widely covered in the literature is with regard to the origin of AQ as a terroristRead MoreWhite Like Me Aqs Essay3334 Words   |  14 PagesWhite Like Me Page 1: The meaning of the first chapters title â€Å"Born to Belonging† is that quite literally whites won’t be questioned about whether they deserve to be here, living in this condition. They won’t be questioned about how they got such wealth and it is easy for them to get this wealth. For example, his grandfather Jacob with his good work ethics was able to come upon success. His success sees normal. However, there are many people of color who have good or better work ethics than JacobRead MoreElectrochemical Behavior And Convoluted Voltammetry Of Carbon Nanotube Modified With Aq And Nb Functional Groups Essay2126 Words   |  9 Pages Electrochemical behavior and convoluted voltammetry of carbon nanotube modified with AQ and NB functional groups Mohamed A.Ghanem,a*Ibrahim S. Elhallag,bAbdullah M. Al-Mayoufa aElectrochemistry Research Group, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudia Arabia bChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt *corresponding author email: mghanem@ksu.edu.sa Abstract. The validity of convolution voltammetry for determinationRead MoreIonic Reactions Lab Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pages Balanced: Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) ( BaSO4 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + SO4 2- (aq) ( BaSO4 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ba 2+ (aq) + SO4 2- (aq) ( BaSO4 (s) 2) Well A7 Balanced: Co(NO3)2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) ( CoOH (s) + Na(NO2)2 (aq) Co 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) ( CoOH (s) + Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Co 2+(aq) + OH- (aq) ( Co(OH)2 (s) 3) WellRead MoreCopper Sulphate And Magnesium Sulphate Essay895 Words   |  4 Pages Materials: Metals: †¢ 15 pieces of Cu(s) (copper) †¢ 7 pieces of Mg(s) (magnesium) †¢ 7 pieces of Zn(s) (zinc) Solutions: †¢ H2O(l) distilled water †¢ HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid †¢ CuSO4(aq) copper (II) sulphate †¢ ZnSO4(aq) zinc sulphate †¢ MgSO4(aq) magnesium sulphate †¢ SnCl2(aq) tin (II) chloride †¢ ZnSO4(aq) zinc sulphate †¢ FeSO4(aq) iron (II) sulphate †¢ †¢ Tweezers †¢ Two Spot Plates †¢ Distilled Water Bottle †¢ Safety Glasses †¢ 1 piece of paper †¢ Pen / Pencil Procedure: 1. Gathered all the requiredRead MoreIdentifying Unknown Ionic Salts From Zinc Nitrate1041 Words   |  5 Pages1. Na2CO3 (aq) + aq 2Na+(aq) + CO32-(aq) 2. Zn(NO3)2(aq) + aq Zn2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) 3. Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + aq Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) Precipitation equation: 1. Na2CO3 (aq) + 2AgNO3 (aq) NaNO3 (aq) + Ag2CO3 (s) 2. Na2CO3(aq) +Ca(NO3)2(aq) 2NaNO3(aq)+ CaCO3(s) 3. Ba(NO3)2(aq) + CuSO4 (aq) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + BaSO4 (s) 4. Ba(NO3)2(aq) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq)+ BaSO4 (s) 5. MgCl2(aq) + 2Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + MgCO3 (s)Read MoreMy Dream1386 Words   |  6 PagesMgI2(aq) -gt; Mg 2+ (aq) +2OH-(aq) b) Al(NO3)3(aq) -gt; Al3+(aq)+3NO3- (aq) c) HCLO4(aq) -gt; H+ (aq) + ClO4- (aq) d) NaCH3COO(aq) -gt;Na + (aq) + CH3COO-(aq) 4.22) In each reaction, the precipitate is in bold type. a) Ni(NO3)2 (aq) +2NaOH (aq) -gt;+2NaNO3(aq) + NiOH2 (s) b )No precipate, therefore, no reaction. c) Na2S(aq) + CuCH3COO (aq) -gt; CuS(s) + 2NaCH3COO (aq) 4.24) Write balanced net ionic equations amp; Identify spectator ion or ions in each reaction. a) 2Cr3+ (aq) +3CO32-(aq)Read MoreLab 8 Ionic Reactions1245 Words   |  5 PagesBa(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) ïÆ'   BaSO4 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + SO4 2- (aq) ïÆ'   BaSO4 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Ba 2+ (aq) + SO4 2- (aq) ïÆ'   BaSO4 (s) 2) Well A7 Balanced: Co(NO3)2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) ïÆ'   CoOH (s) + Na(NO2)2 (aq) Co 2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) ïÆ'   CoOH (s) + Na+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) Net Ionic Equation: Co 2+(aq) + OH- (aq) ïÆ'   Co(OH)2 (s) 3) Well C5 Balanced: Fe(NO3)3 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) ïÆ'   FeCO3 (s) + Na2(NO3)2 (aq) FeRead MoreGroup 6 Investigation 7 Tuesday 830am Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesH2SO4(aq)+2NaOH(aq)ïÆ'   Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) 2H+(aq) +SO42-(aq)+2Na+(aq) +2OH-(aq)ïÆ'   2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq) +2H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH-(aq) ïÆ'   H2O(l) BaSO4 BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) ïÆ'   BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq) Ba2+(aq)+ 2Cl1-(aq) + 2Na+ + SO-4ïÆ'   BaSO4(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) Ba+(aq) + SO4- (aq) ïÆ'   BaSO4(s) AgCl AgNO3(aq) + HCl(aq) ïÆ'   AgCl(s) + HNO3(aq) Ag+(aq) + NO-3 (aq) + H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ïÆ'   AgCl(s) + H+(aq) + NO-3 (aq) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ïÆ'   AgCl(s) Zn(OH)2 Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH-(aq) ïÆ'   Zn(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) Zn2+(aq)

Strategic Performance Management - A Sample Solution

Question-express your research Will implementing strategic performance management in an organization improve performancec,in terms of profit, employees development,provide an outline of your research problem, research objectives and research questions? INTRODUCTION Strategic Performance Management is a necessary and crucial vehicle for the managing business in the present unstable business environment. The strategic performance management encompasses various indicator, frameworks and methodologies that help the organization in formulating their strategies and allow the employees to increase strategic insights and permit them to challenge the strategic assumptions, purify the strategic thinking and inform the strategic learning and decision making (Tonchia, 2000). This research paper focuses on the importance of strategic performance management for effectiveness of the organization. RESEARCH PROBLEM Developing an effective strategic performance management system is one of the most challenging tasks in an organization. It has several obstacles which make the overall system complex like: The terminology like the concepts of performance, efficiency or productivity is more often confusing and misused, thus making the performance management system unclear The present performance management measures is huge making the system complex to select the best one There are various factors that affect or impact the productivity of the organization and also influences the performance measure decisions There are various requirement that must be fulfilled for making the strategic performance management system effective It is very important for every company to overcome these obstacles to design a fully suitable and functional performance management system. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Based on the above research problem the main objective of this paper is to identify whether the strategic performance management helps to improve the performance of the organization or not? In order to come to a positive conclusion, the objectives are to identify the advantages of strategic performance management system on effectives of the organization. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research questions to identify the objectives of the paper are: What is the concept of Strategic performance Management? How strategic performance management system contributes to the success of business? DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES OF THE SELECTED ARTICLES The articles chosen to evaluate according to the chosen research topic are: Sum Chau, V. (2008). The relationship of strategic performance management to team strategy, company performance and organizational effectiveness.Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 14(3/4), pp.113-117. de Waal, A., Kourtit, K. and Nijkamp, P. (2009). The relationship between the level of completeness of a strategic performance management system and perceived advantages and disadvantages.Int Jrnl of Op Prod Mnagemnt, 29(12), pp.1242-1265. Both the articles focuses on the why organization must focus on performance management system. The articles focus on the effectiveness of the organization through the implementation of strategic performance management system. The articles discusses about the relevance of performance management system. However the first article mostly emphasizes on the issues of performance management system and also identifying the reasons behind the lack of effective performance management system. This article identifies that the strategic performance management system recognizes the competitive advantage of the organization. This article deals with the special issues with respect to performance management at top, middle and strategic operations level. The reason behind the increase in the issues of strategic performance management system is that the senior managers are removed from their day to day activities and this creating a disconnection between the organization and the senior management. Acco rding to Witcher and Chau (2007) due to disconnection among the senior management and rest of the business firm, this will become difficult in addressing all the issues if the senior management is not involved in the strategic activities. This will lead to poor implementation of performance management systems (Sum Chau, 2008). The second article focuses on identifying the existing relationship among the completeness level of implementation of strategic performance system (SPM) and its impact on the organization. This article focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of SPM. The author suggests that the implementation of SPM have positive impact on the net profit, sales and revenue of the organization. It also helps to improve the organizational communication and increases collaboration. It also helps to strengthen the organizational focus, better the process of information exchange and sharing of knowledge. This also helps to improve the process of decision making. Overall, the SPM helps to increase the satisfaction level of employee, better the planning process, improve the quality of product and services and stronger the orientation process. However the author also discusses that if SPM is not implemented effectively then the organization can face huge internal competition. The process is bureaucratic and too expensive. In this process the performance indicators are subjective in nature creating it as unreliable. From advantages of this process management can learn about the completeness of SPM implementation and can convince the personnel about its benefits to the organization (de Waal, Kourtit and Nijkamp, 2009). ANALYSIS OF THE METHODOLOGY Research methodology is the process of utilizing various methods to collect data for making an effective decision of business. The above mentioned articles have also utilized some of the research methods to make an effective conclusion about impact of strategic performance management system on the organization. In the article The relationship of strategic performance management to team strategy, company performance and organizational effectiveness, the author has focused on secondary data collection method. The research is carried based on five different case studies which comprises of issues of team performance management. All the five articles deals with the issues of performance management at strategic operation level, middle management level and top management level. The articles also discuss the impact of SPM on the performance of the company, team strategy and effectiveness of the organization. This case study method helps the author to analyze the real world problem of SPM using five case studies. From these five articles it is concluded that organization must focus on achieving the strategic performance management system which would help to improve the performance of the company. These case studies have helped to close the gap and bring attention about the team performance managemen t system. In the article The relationship between the level of completeness of a strategic performance management system and perceived advantages and disadvantages, the author focuses on primary data collection through quantitative data analysis and also focuses on secondary data using the quantitative data analysis. The qualitative data is gathered through literature review. It discusses the use and implementation of SPM and is tested by collecting the quantitative data by conducting 52 interviews from 17 Dutch organizations. The article concludes that there exists relationship between the benefits that the organizations have received from the implementation of SPM and the completeness of the implementation. The article confirms that implementation of properly designed SPM and its usage helps to improve the organizational results. The case study method provides a holistic and detail investigation of the research and different measurement techniques can be utilized in this process. However, case study method can be utilized only for small data sets. Here the real life data means that the organization or the organizations chosen as a data source. Since the data revolves around small sets thus proper empirical techniques cannot be used which might make it difficult to meet the statistical significance requirements (Remenyi, 2012). Alternatively, utilizing the mixed method that is both qualitative and quantitative method, the researcher can utilize the strengths of one method to overcome the weakness of the other method. This can provide strong evidence for deriving the conclusion through corroboration and convergence of findings. This helps to increase the generalizability of the findings. However it is a time consuming method. It can become difficult for a single researcher to conduct the mixed method research ( Axinn and Pearce, 2006). Thus based on the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods, the researcher has decided to follow the mixed method approach as this would help to make an effective conclusion about the implementation of SPM and its benefits on the organization. The researcher will make sure that the sample considered is large as it would give more precise and clear result. REFERENCES Axinn, W. and Pearce, L. (2006). Mixed method data collection strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. de Waal, A., Kourtit, K. and Nijkamp, P. (2009). The relationship between the level of completeness of a strategic performance management system and perceived advantages and disadvantages. Int Jrnl of Op Prod Mnagemnt, 29(12), pp.1242-1265. Remenyi, D. (2012). Case study research. Reading, UK: Academic Publishing International. Sum Chau, V. (2008). The relationship of strategic performance management to team strategy, company performance and organizational effectiveness. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 14(3/4), pp.113-117. Tonchia, S. (2000). Linking performance measurement system to strategic and organisational choices. International Journal of Business Performance Management, 2(1/2/3), p.15. Witcher, B. and Sum Chau, V. (2007). Balanced scorecard and hoshin kanri : dynamic capabilities for managing strategic fit. Management Decision, 45(3), pp.518-538.

Revenue and expenditure categories of local and state governments in the United States

Local and state governments require revenue in order to facilitate their operations. Government expenditure is the monies the government requires to finance its functions while revenue is their income. Generally, government expenditure is classified into three major classes; government final consumption, government gross capital formation, and transfer payments.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Revenue and expenditure categories of local and state governments in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Government final consumption and gross capital formation form the largest part of state and local government’s gross domestic product. Moreover, the expenditure of local and state governments is financed by government revenue. The local government acquires revenue through taxes and non-taxes channels; non-tax revenue includes government owned corporations, fees, licenses, or sovereign wealt h funds. The state government can also finance its operations with borrowed money through grants and loans. Categories of revenue and expenditure Expenditure State and local governments have to provide different goods and services to the public. These services and goods include transportation system, water and sanitation, health care and education and payment of pensions and other benefits. Generally, the above expenditures are classified in three categories, consumption, investment, and transfer payments. Government final consumption: According to Organization for Economic cooperation (2010, p.42), â€Å"government final consumption expenditure consists of expenses incurred by the government in the production of non-market final goods and services.† Primarily, the government spending on goods and services that are used for direct benefit of its population includes defense, provision of health care, water and sanitation and education. It is further broken down into two catego ries; the value of goods produced by the government itself and purchases of goods and services produced by the other market producers and supplied to the community. In addition, consumption expenditure constitutes the largest share of expenditures; they include purchases of nondurable and durable goods. Non durable goods include food and clothing while durable products include appliances and vehicles. Government gross capital formation: Government gross capital formation is also referred to as investment expenditure and it consists of two types, expenditure on fixed investment goods and inventory investment. Fixed investment goods are goods that are used in the long term examples are factories, commercial properties, and purchase of equipment.Advertising Looking for research paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Part of fixed investment expenditure involves acquisition of new asset or repairs and main tenance, as well as depreciation charge of the already in use asset. Investment expenditure on institutional sector includes transport infrastructure and public buildings like school and hospitals (Organization for Economic cooperation, 2010, p.44). On the other hand, inventory goods are goods waiting to be sold at the end of the year; they are considered as investment expenditure because they â€Å"eventually yield a flow of consumption or production services† (Organization for Economic cooperation, 2010, p.44). Government Transfer payments: According to Baumol and Blinder (2008, p.225), â€Å"government transfer payments is the expenditure the local and state governments incur through payments that do not involve direct production of or goods or service.† Transfer payments are given to persons in order to assist them in basic living requirements; examples of transfer payments are social welfare, food stamps, and disability and retirement benefits. In addition, the ne ed for transfer payments increases whenever there is a social or economic crisis. However, some transfer payments are temporal while others are permanent; for example, unemployment benefits are temporal while pension payment is permanent. Revenue Local and state governments get their revenue through taxation and other non-taxation methods. However, taxation is the most reliable method of revenue collection; nevertheless, there are other sources like direct payment from federal governments, user fees, service charges, licensing, and lottery and gambling proceeds (Brunori, 2005, p.113). Tax: Tax is a financial charge imposed on individuals or legal entities in a state. Taxation may be done directly or indirectly and the rates differ from one state to another. The governments levy different taxes on income, wealth and consumption; income tax and social security tax constitute the largest part of state government’s revenue while local governments depend on property and wealth tax es. Taxes under consumption are sale and excise tax; sale tax is tax paid on basic goods in the market while excise tax is tax on luxury goods. Moreover, property tax is the levy imposed on homes, business premises, and land depending on their net worth at the given time of valuation. Non-tax sources: According to Brunori (2005, p.114), â€Å"the use of non tax sources for revenue collection has developed over the past decade, it is approximated that $747 billion was collected from non tax sources in 2003.† Primarily, the local and state governments receive funds from the federals governments; however, they also obtain funds through fees like licenses, grants, unclaimed property, and loans and bonds issue. Inter governmental funds are funds collected from other regions, not in the area they are used to provide services.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Revenue and expenditure categories of local and state governments in the United States specifi cally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Non-tax source are very important; however, they are unreliable sources of revenue. For instance, gambling and lotteries contribute a small portion to state revenue; it is approximated that New York raised $13.7 billion in 2003 from state run lotteries, about one percent of the total state economy (Brunori, 2005, p.117). Finally, the governments can obtain revenue through grants or loans from other states or organization. Trends and changes in revenue and expenditure categories In the past years, there have been some notable changes in revenue and expenditure, which have either helped or undermined the service delivery by the state and local governments. Generally, local and state governments do not control tax rates and property tax allocation (Garcea, 2008, p.13). According to Brunori (2005, p.116), â€Å"Local and state governments cannot spend monies from the federal government as they wish hence reducin g state control.† In addition, there is tight regulation on tax relief and the transfer expenditure to vet the people who claim these benefits. Moreover, issuing of grants and loans to local and state governments is regulated by higher forms of governments. Factors likely to affect revenue and expenditure categories and why Some factors that affect the revenue and expenditure categories are; economic situation, mandate from higher levels of governments, policies and natural disasters (Honadle, Ciggler, Costa, 2004 p.5). On the other hand, economic meltdown causes people to loss employment and business to collapse, and as a result, state and local government loss revenue from income tax, sale tax, and licensing of businesses. During an economic meltdown, the value of property goes down resulting to low revenue from property taxation, while expenditure increases due to increased number of unemployed people seeking food stamps or unemployment benefits. Government policies and reg ulations on the mandate of state and local governments affect investment expenditure. In addition, regulation on transfer fund from the federal government and interstate funds can considerably lower the revenue of governments. The unpredictability of the federal funds to state and local governments affects the planning of revenue and expenditure. Neighboring state tax policy could make business and individuals to move from one state to another. Generally, business people like areas where the environment is business friendly; thus, an influx on people in a state would result to higher revenue collection and at the same time, higher expenditure in government consumption expenditure.Advertising Looking for research paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conversely, natural calamities can inflate the expenditure, leading to low revenue collection due to damage of infrastructure. In addition, an increase in life expectancy affects the transfer payments to pensioners in a state. Moreover, globalization of the market place will make administration taxes to companies difficult and more expensive. Measures of reducing the impact of disruption and why Disruption of revenue collection and expenditure should be avoided since it could result in lack of vital goods and services. For instance, schools and health care services must not be disrupted. Besides, local and state governments are labour intensive; hence, they need funds to pay their workforce. Thus, functional sharing arrangements between local and state governments can help to reduce the impact of reduced revenue (Garcea, 2008, p.13). From another perspective, two neighboring states can share the police force unit or any other service, and ensure that there are better policies on all ocation and use of federal funds so as essential services are delivered to the public. In addition, local and state governments should develop a strong investment program, while the authority should make policies that would enable for quick recovery and avoid continued disruption. Conclusion Local and state governments collect revenue through taxation and other non taxation methods. Some taxes levied on individuals and business are property, excise, sale, and income tax while some non-taxation methods include charges, fees, licensing and transfer revenue from the federal government. Categories of expenditure include; consumption, investment and transfer payments, with the consumption and investment expenditures taking up most of the revenue. Changes in revenue and expenditure include regulation of tax rates and allocation of revenue. Factors that can affect expenditure and revenue categories are economic melt down, natural disasters, tax policy in the neighboring state and legislati on by higher governments. To reduce the impact of revenue disruption, measures can be put in place including proper policies and functional sharing of duties between states. References Baumol, W. Blinder, A. (2008). Macroeconomic: Principles and Policy. OH: Cengage Learning. Brunori, D. (2005). State tax policy: a political perspective. Washington: The urban Institute publishing. Web. Garcea, J. (2008). Local government reform: a comparative analysis of advanced Aglo-American countries. NY: Edward Elgar publishing. Web. Honadle, B., Cigler, B. Costa, J. (2004). Fiscal health for local governments: an introduction to concepts, practical analysis and strategies. NY: US Academic Press. Web. Organization for Economic Cooperation. (2010). National Accounts at a Glance 2009. NY: OECD publishing. Web. This research paper on Revenue and expenditure categories of local and state governments in the United States was written and submitted by user Darg0Kt0r to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.